Macromolecular Compounds Having Controlled Stoichiometry

ABSTRACT

The following invention is directed to macromolecules having controlled stoichiometry and topology, processes for their production, and applications for their use. The macromolecules have a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry and include at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to macromolecules whose surface architecture may be controlled to produce an enriched proportion of a topological isomer. In particular the macromolecules may be synthesised from lysine or lysine analogue dendritic motifs having two or more surface groups.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, dendritic macromolecules have been found to have increasing applications in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications on the basis of their unique properties and structure, and subsequently, function. Dendritic macromolecules are a special class of polymers with densely branched structures that are characterized by higher concentrations of functional groups per unit of molecular volume than ordinary polymers. There are three subclasses of dendritic macromolecules (Frechet and Tomalia “Dendrimers and other Dendritic Polymers”): random hyperbranched polymers; dendrigraft polymers and dendrimers (which include dendrons), classified on the basis of the relative degree of structural control present in each of the dendritic architectures. Generally, a dendritic macromolecule includes at least two layers or generations of building units and all contain one or more branches originating from a core molecule.

In particular, peptide-based dendritic molecules, such as those based on polylysine FIG. 1, have been developed as promising vaccine, antiviral and antibacterial candidates. A specific architecture of lysine and lysine analogue dendrimers has been described by Denkewalter in U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,872. This patent describes branched compounds essentially of identical lysine-like trifunctional units.

Denkewalter's methodology has the advantage that a plurality of amide linkages are provided to connect the trifunctional units so that the final dendrimeric moiety tends to be biocompatible and locally protein-like. However the dendrimeric moiety thus provided comprises multiple substantially equivalent outer terminal reactable groups (for example amine groups) as the point of attachment for functional moieties and the following adverse consequences arise:

-   -   If a further reagent (e.g. a biological effector molecule) is         used to react with the outer terminal reactable groups of the         dendrimer moiety in such a way that some of the outer terminal         reactable groups remain unreacted, there is a statistical spread         of reaction products (i.e. monodispersity in the dendrimer is         lost in the dendrimer reaction product).     -   If a combination of reagents is used to react with the outer         terminal reactable groups of the dendrimer moiety there is a         statistical spread of reaction products and monodispersity is         lost. This situation is described by Newkome et al.         (Combinational Chemistry) Vol 61, No 4 1998/99 “Dendrimer         Construction and Macromolecular Property Modification Via         Combinational Methods” (p 244) in the following terms: “There is         an uncontrolled radial monomer juxtaposition while generational         functional group control is retained”.

Thus whilst the generational character in the dendrimer is maintained, and whilst the amide linkages are advantageous in the provision of biocompatibility, the inability to provide radial (i.e. surface decoration) monodispersity is a significant disadvantage.

In patents U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,490 and WO 9011778, Tam teaches that dendritic core molecules of 2 or 3 generations of lysine may be constructed using solid phase peptide synthesis and making use of orthogonally protected lysine at the final step of the process, to provide a composition that has a surface topology of (PG₁PG₂)₄. In particular, Tam describes a dendritic polymer bearing multiple B- and T-epitopes, wherein the B- and T-epitopes are arranged as couplets (B-epitope T-epitope) on the surface building unit. The process of solid phase peptide synthesis provides no opportunity for purification until after the final iteration of the synthesis. Materials provided by such a method are often mixtures wherein the target component is contaminated by the components which are of amino acid deletion products.

The preparation of dendritic macromolecules with a homogenous surface comprised of only a single type of functional moiety is now considered to be routine. Furthermore, Tam and others provide teaching for the construction of dendritic macromolecules in which a core or macromolecule has a homogenous surface stoichiometry that is 1:1 for two functional moieties A and B. Furthermore the topology of the two functional moieties is specified as homogenous at the level of (AB) couplets; that is each of the surface building units has two functional moieties A and B attached to the same surface building unit (as for FIG. 3.5).

One key determinant of a dendritic macromolecule's efficacy in any given application is the nature of the macromolecule surface. This application describes macromolecule topological isomers using a hierarchy of descriptive terms which serve to elucidate the way functional moieties, surface building units and building units are interconnected.

It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to overcome or at least alleviate one or more of the difficulties and deficiencies related to the prior art.

It will be understood that the present invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the present invention.

Reference to any prior art in the specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia or any other jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be ascertained, understood and regarded as relevant by a person skilled in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties.

Preferably, the building units of the dendritic motif are selected from lysine or lysine analogues, and the surface building units are selected from lysine or lysine analogues, glutamate and aspartate.

The macromolecules of the present invention may be selected from a preparation of macromolecules, wherein the preparation is enriched in a selected functional moiety stoichiometry.

In a preferred embodiment, the macromolecule is selected from a preparation of macromolecules that exhibit at least 10%, preferably 20%, and more preferably 40% enrichment in the selected functional moiety stoichiometry compared to random techniques.

Most preferably, the preparations of macromolecules is enriched to the point where at least 80%, preferably 90%, more preferably 95% and most preferably 99% of the macromolecules exhibit the same functional moiety stoichiometry.

In a further preferred embodiment, the macromolecule is a selected topological isomer, where topology describes the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of its connection to the subsurface structure.

Preferably the macromolecule that is a selected topological isomer is selected from a preparation of macromolecules exhibiting enrichment in the selected topological isomer. Preferably the macromolecules exhibit a 10%, preferably 20%, more preferably 40% enrichment in the selected topological isomer.

In a further embodiment, there is provided a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at wherein the macromolecule is a selected topological isomer; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties, and topology describes the relationship between each functional moiety in terms of its connection to the surface and subsurface layers.

The macromolecules according to this aspect of the present invention may be utilised in various applications, as discussed below, where the ability to control both the surface properties and the overall structure of the macromolecule is advantageous. This is particularly important where more than one functional moiety is included.

For example, the macromolecule may advantageously be utilised to deliver to a desired site a pharmaceutically active compound on its surface, together with a secondary surface compound that may function to modify a specified characteristic, e.g. solubility, pharmacokinetics, targeting, bioavailability, potency, reactivity, plasma life and the like.

Moreover, the capacity to enrich a dendritic macromolecule preparation in molecules of the same topology, where topology describes the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of their connection to the subsurface structure, is desirable in the same way that it has been shown to be desirable to enrich organic materials in particular stereoisomers or regioisomers, particularly for biological applications. Thus it will be understood that topological isomerism in the macromolecule represents a subset of the complete set of regio and stereochemical isomers for the macromolecule. That is, the set that specifically pertains to positioning of the surface groups relative to one another, and it will be further understood that as such it may be that one topological isomer may be more effective in a given application than another topological isomer. Even without knowing which topological isomer is the best for a given application, the capacity to prepare macromolecule topological isomers in relatively pure form is very useful in screening for structure-activity relationships.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, the dendritic motifs of the macromolecule include a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group being attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit, which is in turn attached directly or indirectly to a first and second functional moiety, at least one of the functional moieties being attached to a surface amine on the second building unit. Preferably, the surface building unit is a lysine or lysine analogue, glutamate or aspartate. When the second building unit is a surface building unit that is a lysine or lysine analogue, the second functional moiety may be attached to a second surface amine on the second building unit.

In addition to the functional moieties attached to the second, surface building unit, a third functional moiety may be attached to the second amine group of the lysine or lysine analogue building unit, resulting in a dendritic motif with functionalisation at the surface and subsurface level.

In another embodiment, the macromolecule may include one or more subsurface layers intermediate the apex carboxylate group or residue thereof and the at least one surface amine groups. Optionally, the macromolecule may include two or more subsurface layers. Preferably, at least one of the subsurface layers includes an apex carboxylate group or residue thereof and two reactable amine groups, at least one amine group in turn being attached to a further carboxylate group or residue thereof.

In a further embodiment, each surface amine may bear a functional moiety A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties on the same surface building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB), or any combination thereof. Optionally, the surface amines may bear a further functional moiety D, with a pair or adjacent functional moieties on the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (AB), (AD), (BB), (BD), (DD) or any combination thereof.

The macromolecules bearing functional moieties A and B, or A, B and D, may be selected from a preparation of macromolecules exhibiting an enrichment in a selected topological isomer. The enrichment may be at the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties may also be described in terms of quartets, octets and 16-tets. For example a quartet of the form ((AA)(BD))⁴ is used to represent four functional moieties A,A,B,D which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to a surface-but-one building unit. An octet of the form (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(AA))⁴)⁸ is used to represent six functional moieties of type A and two functional moieties of type B which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to a surface-but-two building unit. A 16-tet of the form ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ is used to represent sixteen functional moieties of type A which have a line of connection to the same generation building unit, in particular to a surface-but-three generation-building unit.

In an alternative embodiment, when the macromolecule of the present invention has only two types or functional moiety A and B on the same building unit or surface building unit, the functional moiety stoichiometry is other than 1:1.

The macromolecules or dendritic motifs of the present invention may be attached to cores. In the absence of a core, the dendritic motif may itself be the macromolecule. In a preferred aspect there is provided a macromolecule having a core and at least one dendritic motif of the formula:

Core[[Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p)]_(q)

wherein: a [Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p) defines a dendritic motif; the core may be any compound, particle or substrate to which the dendritic motif may be attached; the Building Unit is selected from a lysine or lysine analogue; the Surface Building Unit is selected from lysine or lysine analogues, glutamate or aspartate; the Functional moieties include two or more different functional moieties selected from protecting groups; biological effect moiety ligands for extracellular receptors; property modifiers; biological targeting groups; signalling groups; antigenic materials; genetic materials; pharmaceutically active agents; groups adapted to mediate binding to a second entity, and linkers. m represents the sum of the building units of the subsurface layers of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 1≦integer≦64; n represents the number of surface building units of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 2≦integer≦64; p represents the total number of functional moieties on the surface of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 4≦integer≦128; and q represents the total number of dendritic motifs on the core of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 1≦integer ≦10⁶.

In one embodiment, more than one dendritic motif may be attached to a core to enable the construction of larger, more complex macromolecules. For example, two dendritic motifs, each having 3 subsurface layers and 1 surface layer and bearing 16 functional moieties, may be attached to a divalent core, producing a macromolecule having two dendritic motifs and bearing 32 functional moieties.

There are a number of ways of synthesising or “building” a macromolecule of the present invention. Preferably the macromolecule is a dendrimer. One process for synthesising macromolecules of the present invention involves the sequential reaction of a growing macromolecule core moiety and one or more layers of building compounds. Such a process includes:

i) providing

-   -   a growing macromolecule including at least one reactable group;     -   a first building compound having a hydrocarbon backbone, and         bearing an apex carbonyl group and at least one amine group         bearing a functional moiety being a protecting group;         iii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the first building         compound; and         iii) reacting the deprotected growing macromolecule with the         apex carbonyl group of the first building compound.

The steps of the process will then be reiterated until a macromolecule of the desired subsurface and surface layers is achieved.

In an alternative process, the macromolecule may be prepared by the following steps:

i) providing

-   -   a growing macromolecule including a first reactable group;     -   a compound including at least one dendritic motif bearing at         least two functional moieties, the motif having a surface layer         and at least one subsurface layer, and having a hydrocarbon         backbone and bearing an apex carbonyl group;         ii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the dendritic motif;         and         iii) reacting the deprotected growing macromolecule with the         carbonyl group of the dendritic motif.

The process may further include the preliminary steps of preparing the compound including at least one dendritic motif, the process including:

iv) providing

-   -   a first building compound including an apex carbonyl group,         attached directly or indirectly to at least one amine group         bearing at least one functional moiety being a protecting group;     -   a second building compound including an apex carbonyl group,         attached to at least one amine group bearing a first and second         functional moiety;         v) activating the amine group on the first building compound by         removing the protecting group;         vi) activating the apex carbonyl of the second building         compound; and         vii) reacting the deprotected first building compound with the         apex carbonyl group of the second building compound.

Depending on the macromolecule and the functional moieties on the building unit or surface building unit, the macromolecules may have a diverse number of prophylactic and/or therapeutic uses, particularly when formulated as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein in this specification and claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “a macromolecule” includes one or more such macromolecules.

The term “comprises” (or its grammatical variants), as used herein in the specification and claims, is equivalent to the term “includes” and should not be taken as excluding the presence of other elements or features.

By the term “building unit” as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean a unit used in the construction of a dendritic motif. For example, the building unit may be lysine or lysine analogues having a carboxylate at the apex thereof (apex carboxylate). Layers of building units bear at least one amine or other reactable group that may be further reacted with the apex carboxylate group of a further building unit.

By the term “surface building unit” as used herein in the specification and claims we mean a building unit within the outermost layer of building units of the macromolecule. i.e. there are no further building units attached to the surface reactable groups of any of the building units within the layer. A surface building unit has an apex carbonyl moiety and a hydrocarbon framework by which functional moieties may be attached to the macromolecule or dendritic motif.

By the term “dendritic motif”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean a discrete unit of the macromolecule. When the macromolecule is cut at a bond which connects one of the reactable amines of the building unit or core to the apex carboxylate group of the attached building unit, the dendritic motif will “fall out”. The valency of the apex carboxylate group of the dendritic motif is incomplete, as it represents the point at which the dendritic motif would be attached to a growing macromolecule core during the process of synthesising a macromolecule of the invention.

By the term “surface amine” as used herein in the specification and claims we mean any of the outer-most reactable nitrogens of the macromolecule or dendritic motif which derive from the constituent core, building units or linkers. These surface amines represent the points of attachment for additional building units, linkers or functional moieties.

By the term “reactable nitrogen” as used herein in the specification and claims we mean the nitrogen is able to react with a carboxylic acid or activated residue thereof to form a covalent bond.

By the term “functional moiety” as used herein in the specification and claims we mean any group including protecting groups, with the exception of a building unit or a linker, which may be attached at a surface amine with the purpose of serving a particular function.

By the term “end stopping functional moiety” as used herein in the specification and claims we mean a functional moiety that may be attached to a surface amine and which will maintain its functionality through subsequent transformations used to complete the building of the macromolecule or dendritic motif. An end stopping functional moiety may be transformed into a functional moiety once assembly of the macromolecule or dendritic motif is complete in order for it to perform its required function.

By the term “functional moiety stoichiometry”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean the composition, or number and type, of the functional moieties on the surface of the macromolecule.

By the term “functional moiety topology”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of their connection to the surface and subsurface structure.

By the term “enrichment”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean the macromolecule composition having macromolecules bearing a specified plurality of functional groups as provided by a process of this invention, that have a greater uniformity of molecular identity, both in terms of functional moiety stoichiometry and functional moiety topology, than a macromolecule composition having macromolecules with an equivalent specified functional group stoichiometry that has been prepared using a random surface functionalisation. There are statistical methods which can be applied to model the theoretical outcome of a random surface functionalisation using two or more functional moieties; and the output of such models can provide a point of reference for the determination of the relative enrichment for the compositions of this invention.

By the term “topological isomer”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean a macromolecule having a particular topology, wherein topology describes the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of its connection to the subsurface structure.

By the term “subsurface”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean the layer of building units bearing amines reactable with the apex carboxylate group of a further building unit or carbonyl group of a surface building unit. The layers may in turn be described as the surface-but-one layer, meaning the first subsurface immediately adjacent the surface layer; the surface-but-two layer is the second layer below the surface layer; the surface-but-three layer is the third layer below the surface layer; and so on.

By the term “amine-protecting groups”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean a chemical group attached to an amine moiety of a macromolecule or dendritic motif for the purpose of preventing the amine moiety from forming an amide bond when in the presence of an activated carbonyl group, but which can be removed from the same amine moiety without detriment to amide bond integrity elsewhere in the macromolecule or dendritic motif and, groups for which an order of removal exists such that those groups that are not meant for cleavage removal are inert to the removal cleavage conditions. When protecting groups are defined as “resolvable”, this means that the conditions for removal of one group may affect the integrity of the second group whereas conditions exist by which the second group may be removed without affecting the integrity of the first group. When protecting groups are further defined as “orthogonal”, this means that each group is inert to the cleavage removal conditions required to remove each of the other groups of the orthogonal set. It is important to note that protecting groups are resolvable or orthogonal only when the appropriate reaction conditions are used.

By the term “linker”, as used herein in the specification and claims, we mean a moiety comprising two reactive groups which are connected by one or more carbons or heteroatoms.

Wide-ranging uses have been claimed for dendritic moieties, for example as therapeutic agents per se or as therapeutic agents when macromolecules are combined with bioactive materials. However, the inability to provide monodisperse surface decoration is particularly acute for human pharmaceutical applications, where regulators are moving to insist that macromolecular therapeutic moieties must be as tightly defined (monodisperse) as small-molecule therapeutic moieties.

Furthermore, in macromolecules which carry two or more different functional moieties, and are prepared as different topological isomers, it has been demonstrated that the way in which each topological isomer interacts with a complex system may be different, which indicates that there is a specific benefit to be gained from the ability to control the surface distribution of different functional moieties. For example, the pharmaceutical industry's need to identify drug-like molecules that target clinically relevant pathways by being presented in a controlled fashion to ensure activity. While the development of high-throughput screening methodologies allows large numbers of compounds to be screened, the most conceptually straightforward approach of advancing compounds generally requires highly specific or energetically favourable neighbouring contacts to succeed (Erlanson et al 2004).

Erlanson and co-workers (2004) describe numerous examples whereby known compounds are linked to fragments of newly identified compounds to improve the overall properties of the compound by binding to additional contact points. But while techniques exist for selecting combinations of compounds that can bind concurrently, productively linking them noncompetitively remains a significant technical challenge.

One key determinant of a dendritic macromolecule's-efficacy in any given application is the nature of the macromolecule surface. This application describes macromolecule topological isomers using a hierarchy of descriptive terms which serve to elucidate the way the functional moieties are interconnected by the subsurface structure.

In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties.

In one embodiment the dendritic motif according to the present invention includes at least one building unit, the building unit being selected from lysine and lysine analogues having moiety # to indicate a bond which connects the building unit to a reactable amine, selected from the group consisting of:

Lysine 1: having the structure:

Glycyl-Lysine 2 having the structure:

Analogue 3, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 1 or 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 4.

Analogue 4, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 2 to 6

Analogue* 5, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5

Analogue 6, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 0 to 5

Analogue 7, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5

Analogue 8, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b, c and d are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5

Analogue 9, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5

and furthermore, the alkyl chain moieties of the building units may be understood to include either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N.

In a preferred aspect of the invention, the building units are selected from Lysine 1, Glycyl-Lysine 2 or Lysine analogue 5:

where a is an integer of 0 to 2 or the alkyl link is C—O—C; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 2.

In one embodiment, the surface building unit may be selected from the set of building units 1-9 described above. In an alternative embodiment, the surface building unit may be a compound wherein the reactable nitrogen may be replaced by another reactable moiety.

Chemical reactable groups which provide a useful means of attaching functional moieties to a surface building unit are: amine, carboxylate, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl halide, allyl halide, heteroaryl halide, aryl halide, vinyl halide, epoxide, aziridine azide, alkyne. Where the chemical functional groups of the surface building unit are the same, as in hydroxyl, thiol, carboxylate, they may be orthogonally protected to achieve attachment of two or more different functional moieties.

Where the chemical reactable groups of the surface building unit may potentially interact with one another under the reaction conditions used to attach the functional moieties, then one or more of the different chemical functional groups may be protected whilst the other chemical functional group is reacted with a functional moiety.

Examples of chemical functional groups that may potentially interact and which may be included in a surface building unit are: carboxylate with any of amine, thiol or hydroxyl; heteroaryl halide with any of amine, thiol or hydroxyl; alkyl halide and any of amine, thiol or hydroxyl; epoxide and any of amine, thiol or hydroxyl; aziridine and any of amine, thiol or hydroxyl.

In yet another embodiment, the surface building unit may be selected from the group consisting of:

Analogue 10, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 4. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne.

Analogue 11, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 2 to 6. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, epoxide, N₃ or alkyne.

Analogue 12, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne

Analogue 13, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 0 to 5. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne

Analogue 14, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne

Analogue 15, having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b, c and d are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne

Analogue 16 having the structure below, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5. A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne

and furthermore, the alkyl chain moieties of the building units may be understood to include either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N. Groups A₁ and A₂ may be further protected where required.

Preferred surface building units include glutamate and aspartate.

The type of building units and surface building units allows attachment of different functional moieties to the surface and subsurface by a number of ways. In one embodiment, where the dendritic motifs of the macromolecule include a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group may in turn be attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit. When the second building unit is a surface building unit that is glutamate or aspartate for example, and bears two functional moieties, one of those functional moieties may be attached via a surface amine. When the second building unit is a surface building unit that is a lysine or lysine analogue having two amine groups, two functional moieties may be attached to the amines.

In addition to the functional moieties attached to the second, surface building unit, a third functional moiety may be attached to the second amine group of the lysine or lysine analogue building unit, resulting in a dendritic motif with functionalisation at the surface and subsurface level.

The present invention is directed to macromolecules having controlled functional moiety stoichiometry and topology and will now be described in more detail.

In a preferred embodiment, the surface amines or other reactable groups of the building units and/or surface building units bear a functional moiety A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties on the same surface building unit or building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB), or any combination thereof. When there are only two types of functional moiety A and B on the same building unit or surface building unit, the functional moiety stoichiometry is other than 1:1.

When a macromolecule having two or more different functional moieties is synthesised using random surface functionalisation methods, two approaches may be considered, e.g. an equal mixture of two functional moieties is required.

In a first prior art approach using lysine or lysine analogues as an example of a surface building unit, a substoichiometric amount of the first activated functional moiety is used in an attempt to cap only half the reactive surface amine groups on the surface of the macromolecule. The remaining reactive surface amines may then be reacted, and in this second reaction, an excess of the second activated functional moiety may be used to force the reaction to completion. In this approach, there is a statistical distribution of products which vary in the number of attached first functional moieties arising from the first stage of the reaction, and furthermore there is little or no control over the topology of the two different functional moieties.

In a second prior art approach, both activated functional moieties may be simultaneously reacted with the reactive surface amine groups. In such an approach, it may be possible to adjust the stoichiometries of each surface derivatising agent to account for their differing reactivities, but molecule to molecule variability will still arise because more than one type of functional moiety is available to react with the reactive surface amine groups and so the likely outcome of each reaction may only be described by a statistical distribution, and again, there is no control over the topological outcome of the reaction.

In contrast to the random prior art approaches, the present invention is concerned with controlled surface and subsurface functionalisation methods. This difference is more clearly illustrated in the sets below.

Set 1 represents a preparation of macromolecules in which four macromolecules, each with 16 reactable terminal groups, has been allowed to react with a mixture of 32 dark and 32 light functional moieties. Whilst the outcome is only illustrative, it can be seen that whilst the “average” property of each molecule of the preparation is a 1:1 stoichiometry of light and dark; the actual likelihood of any individual molecule of the preparation having a 1:1 stoichiometry is determined by statistics.

For comparison, Set 2 represents a preparation of macromolecules with a controlled stoichiometry and topology of light and dark functional moieties, as is the subject of the present invention. It can be seen that for this preparation, each macromolecule is identical.

Set 1: Random Stoichiometry and Topology

Set 2: Control Over Stoichiometry and Topology

A macromolecule composition is considered “enriched” if the fractional abundance of macromolecules with precisely specified composition of functional moieties is greater than the fractional abundance in a randomly surface functionalised material by a factor of at least 2 (2-fold enriched monodispersity) and preferably 4 (4-fold enriched monodispersity). This enrichment may be specified by comparing the precisely specified composition with a randomly functionalised macromolecule composition. Suppose that this random method provides a particular functional moiety stoichiometry in 5% of the macromolecules. Then enrichment would constitute an increase in the macromolecule with a particular functional moiety stoichiometry over this 5% level. For example a two-fold enrichment would mean that 10% of the macromolecules exhibited the particular functional moiety stoichiometry.

At an extreme level of stoichiometric enrichment each macromolecule will have the same number and type of functional moieties. A more moderate level of enrichment, such as enrichment at 20%, is taken to mean that 20% of the macromolecules will have the same number and type of functional moieties. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a preparation of macromolecules having at least 10% enrichment in a selected functional moiety stoichiometry. In turn, in a preferred embodiment, there is provided a preparation wherein at least 80% of the macromolecules have the same functional moiety stoichiometry.

The concept of enrichment, which has been illustrated for functional moieties, may also be applied to “topological enrichment”, being the number and type of couplets, quartets and octets etc, which are described in detail below. Even if the general make up of the surface of the macromolecule is maintained, at 100% enrichment, for example with 50% functional moiety A and 50% functional moiety B, it does not follow that there is 100% topological enrichment. This is because the functional moieties A and B may be grouped into couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets in a multitude of ways. Accordingly, in another embodiment, there is provided a preparation of macromolecules, wherein the macromolecules further exhibit enrichment in a selected topological isomer, wherein topology describes the relationship between functional moiety and another in terms of its connection to the surface and subsurface layers.

There are many stereochemical and regiochemical consequences that may arise when the carbonyl-to-amine bond sequence is asymmetric within a building unit, as it is for native lysine 1. For the purposes of the present invention, such consequences will not be analysed. The present invention will identify the relative configuration of the different topological elements. The order of functional moieties within a couplet is then, for the present analysis, redundant. That is (AB) is equivalent to (BA), and this also holds true for couplets within quartets, quartets within octets and octets within 16-tets.

The simplest type of topological enrichment is enrichment at the level of couplets i.e., two functional moieties attached to the same surface building unit or building unit. A macromolecule composition may be fully enriched at the level of functional moieties, but not fully enriched at the level of couplets. This is because the same functional moieties may be grouped into couplets in a number of ways. For example in FIGS. 3.1 to 3.5, where A and B represent different functional moieties, the macromolecules contain 16 A groups and 16 B groups. However in FIGS. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 there are eight (AA) couplets and eight (BB) couplets while in FIG. 3.5 there are sixteen (AB) couplets.

Topological enrichment at 20% is taken to mean that 20% of the macromolecules will have the same composition (number and type) of couplets.

Alternatively as described above in relation to stoichiometric enrichment this enrichment may be specified by comparing the enriched composition with a randomly functionalised macromolecule composition, from which has been selected all macromolecules with the specified couplet stoichiometry. Assuming this selection provides a particular composition of couplets at a level of 5% of the total number of macromolecules, then, a two-fold enrichment at the level of couplets would mean that 10% of the macromolecules had the required couplet composition. Accordingly, in one embodiment, there is provided a macromolecule composition having at least 10% enrichment in a selected functional moiety topology.

A higher order of topological enrichment is enrichment at the level of quartets.

A macromolecule composition with at least two layers of building units may be fully enriched at the level of functional moieties and couplets, but not fully enriched at the level of quartets. This is because the same couplets may be grouped into quartets in a multitude of ways. For example in FIGS. 3.1 to 3.5 the macromolecules contain 16 A groups and 16 B groups, however in FIGS. 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 there are four ((AA)(AA))⁴ quartets and four ((BB)(BB))⁴ quartets while in FIG. 3.4 there are eight ((AA)(BB))⁴ quartets and in FIG. 3.5 there are eight ((AB)(AB))⁴ quartets.

A higher order specification of topological enrichment would thus require a specification of enrichment at the level of quartets. This enrichment may be specified in two ways, as described previously, i.e. either enrichment at 20% means that 20% of the macromolecules will have the same quartet composition (number and type) or two fold enrichment at the level of quartets means that there are twice as many macromolecules with specified quartet composition than is achievable from a random functionalisation experiment.

Thus the topological enrichment is specified in terms of a hierarchy of enrichment values that will correspond to couplet enrichment, quartet enrichment, octet enrichment, 16-tet enrichment etc. In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a macromolecule according to claim 17 wherein the macromolecule exhibits topological enrichment at:

the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit. The hierarchy of enrichment values is determined by the number of layers in the macromolecule. The order at which a macromolecule is specified, i.e. at the couplet, quartet, octet level, or 16-tet provides a level of information about the structure for various dendrimer motifs. A couplet represents a minimal dendritic motif, whilst a 16-tet represents a much larger dendritic motif.

The macromolecules of the invention may bear two or more different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit. Each functional moiety may be independently chosen from protecting groups including Boc, CBz, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbamate (4-NO₂-Nitro-CBz), Fmoc, Dde, CF₃CO₂, 2-halo-CBz, Aloc, Me₃SiEtSO₂, Troc, o-NO-₂PhSO₂ and, 2,4-dinitrobenzene-sulfonyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, and preferably from Boc, CBz, 4-NO₂-Nitro-CBz, Fmoc 2-halo-CBz, Alloc, Me₃SiEtSO₂, Troc, o-NO₂PhSO₂, 2,4-dinitrobenzene-sulfonyl.

The functional moieties may also be selected from the types listed in Table 1A.

TABLE 1A Functional moieties Ligands for extracellular Mono and oligosaccharides or analogues thereof receptors Peptide ligands or fragments or analogues: Chemokines or cytokines or binding motifs eg RGD peptide Known small molecule agonists or antagonists, fragments thereof Property modifiers Hydrophilic groups: PEG's or other hydrophilic polymers, polyhydroxyl chains, oligosaccharides, aryl or heteroaryl groups, Hydrophobic groups: long chain alkyl groups, steroids, Charged surface groups: groups with negative charge at pH ≦ 1, ≦3, ≦5, ≦7, ≦9 etc; groups with positive charge at pH ≦ 1, ≦3, ≦5, ≦7, ≦9 etc, groups that are zwitterionic at pH ≦ 1, ≦3, ≦5, ≦7, ≦9 etc. Pharmaceutically active Cleavable linker: acid labile, photocleavable, reductively labile, agents (see Table 1B) enzymatically cleavable (protease, esterase); attached by cleavable linker Pharmaceutically active agents conjugated for release to facilitate delivery via increased solubility, decreased toxicity Groups to effect targeting Ligands to extracellular receptors; receptors to extracellular ligands eg lectins or antibodies or functional fragments thereof; cell surface antigen recognising antibodies or antibody fragments prepared either through cleavage of whole antibodies or through protein expression systems. Groups to effect signalling Radioactive label, PET label, ligand-metal complex where metal is radioactive, PET active, MRI active; fluorescent label; labels that are quiescent but signal upon activation (cleavage, chemical reaction, excitation via irradiation) Antigenic material Known peptide or glycopeptide or carbohydrate epitope, or protein comprising known epitope. Genetic material Sequence of DNA or RNA Group to mediate binding to Known partners in high affinity ligand-receptor interactions, such as second entity biotin-streptavidin, digoxin-antibody, nickel-histidine-binding motifs, complimentary single stranded DNA, RNA or PNA

When the functional moiety is a pharmaceutically active agent, a derivative thereof, or a precursor thereof, the pharmaceutically active agent may be exemplified by, but not limited to one or more selected from the groups in Table 1B:

TABLE 1B Pharmaceutically active agents Acetonemia preparations Anabolic agents Anaesthetics Analgesics Anti-acid agents Anti-arthritic agents Antibodies Anti-convulsants Anti-fungals Anti-histamines Anti-infectives Anti-inflammatories Anti-metabolites Anti-microbials Anti-mitotics Anti-parasitic agents Anti-protozoals Anti-ulcer agents Antiviral pharmaceuticals Behaviour modification drugs Biologicals Blood and blood substitutes Bronchodilators and expectorants Cancer therapy and related pharmaceuticals Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals Central nervous system pharmaceuticals Contrast agents Contraceptives Diuretics Diabetes therapies Growth hormones Fertility pharmaceuticals Hematinics Growth promoters Hormone replacement therapies Hemostatics Immune suppressives Immunostimulants Hormones and analogs Muscle relaxants Minerals Natural products Nutraceuticals and nutritionals Obesity therapeutics Ophthalmic pharmaceuticals Osteoporosis drugs Pain therapeutics Peptides and polypeptides Proteins Respiratory pharmaceuticals Sedatives and tranquilizers Transplantation products Urinary acidifiers Vaccines and adjuvants Vitamins

The present invention is particularly appropriate for pharmaceutically active agents that are very, active even in extremely small quantities and whose sustained long-term administration is sought, particularly to overcome toxicity problems with standard doses.

In a preferred embodiment the functional moieties are independently selected from functional groups such as those listed in Table 1A and 1B and functional groups that are protecting groups. The stoichiometric ratio between one type of functional moiety and all other functional moieties is approximately 1:1 or 1:2 or 1:3 or 1:4 or 1:5 or 1:6 or 1:7 or 1:8 or 1:9 1:10 or 1:16, more preferably 1:1 or 1:3 or 1:7. In turn, the stoichiometric ratio between a selected couplet to all other couplets, a selected quartet to all other quartets, and selected octet to all other octets, and a selected 16-tet to all other 16-tets is approximately 1:1 or 1:2 or 1:3 or 1:4 or 1:5 or 1:6 or 1:7 or 1:8 or 1:9 1:10 or 1:16, more preferably 1:1 or 1:3 or 1:7.

In many cases of practical interest, the relative configuration of the different functional groups and their pattern of connectedness (topological isomeric character) is of principal interest. The topological isomeric character of a macromolecule or dendritic motif may readily be shown from planar representations of the motif when the building units are all symmetric. By this we mean that the building units are treated as if the bond path from apex to each reactable amine is identical, as exemplified in FIG. 4.

It is possible to rotate by 180° the chemical bond joining a non-surface amine to the apex carboxylate group of the attached building unit. The macromolecule or dendritic motif, containing this rotated dendritic motif component will also fit on the same plane of representation. After rotation, the macromolecule or dendritic motif may appear different because the location of functional moieties at the surface of the motif are different relative to each other, as for F4.1, F4.2 and F4.3 in FIG. 4. In order to check if two apparently different planar representations of a macromolecule or dendritic motif actually represent the same thing, the planar representation of the first macromolecule or dendritic motif should be taken as a reference and all permissible 180° degree rotations carried out within the planar representation of the second macromolecule or dendritic motif to form a rotation set. If the first planar representation is contained in the rotation set of the second, the two dendritic motifs are the same.

In order to facilitate the description of the embodiments, an alpha-numeric topological nomenclature of couplets, quartets, octets and beyond has been introduced. In particular the nomenclature makes it possible to identify the preferred quartets, octets and 16-tets which are components of macromolecules and which are a preferred embodiment of this invention.

It should be understood that this alpha-numeric nomenclature is a transcription of one of many potential planar two-dimensional representations of a particular topological isomer. Before a planar representation is transcribed into the topological nomenclature, it should be positioned on a page such that an unhindered line can be drawn from outside the planar representation to meet the shortest bond sequence that joins two reactable amine groups of the core. This is demonstrated by example in FIG. 1.1: reading clockwise from the vertical line the functional moieties are AAAABBBBAAAABBBB. If the core is monovalent or macroscopic, or if a dendritic motif is being transcribed, then this line should meet the shortest bond sequence that joins the two reactable amine groups of the first building unit i.e. that building unit with the apex carboxylate (F) is demonstrated by example in FIG. 1.3: reading clockwise from the line the functional moieties are AAAABBBB. In those circumstances where a dendritic motif is described the apex carboxylate is represented as, it is often helpful to include this feature in the alpha-numeric nomenclature, and this is done as a prefix F as in FIG. 1.3; where F represents the chemical functional moiety at the apex.

In the event that one or more of the building units is asymmetric, for example in terms of the sequence of bonds from the apex of the building unit to the amines of the building unit capable of further reaction, or in terms of the presence of chirality, the description of the dendritic motif as a topological isomer may be determined by representing each building unit as a symmetric unit on the diagram (even if it is not), and then checking to see if one representation is contained in the rotation set of the other. An example of this approach is demonstrated in FIG. 4 for F4.4, symmetrised to F4.1 prior to bond rotation analysis. While there are many stereochemical and regiochemical consequences that may arise when the carboxylate-to-amine bond sequence is asymmetric within a building unit, as it is for native lysine 1. Such consequences will not be analysed for the purposes of the present invention. The present invention will identify the relative configuration of the different topological elements. The order of functional moieties within a couplet is then, for the present analysis, redundant. That is (AB) is equivalent to (BA), and this also holds true for couplets within quartets, quartets within octets and octets within 16-tets.

The total number of functional moieties in a macromolecule or dendritic motif can be represented by FM_(Total). The composition of functional moieties of a macromolecule or dendritic motif, wherein all the surface amines and/or surface building units groups are attached to functional moieties, can be provided in a formula of the form ΣFM_(i)=FM_(total) where the surface of the macromolecule or dendritic motif has an integral quantity FM_(i) of functional moieties of type i. Consider FIG. 3 which provides schematic diagrams of five different topological isomers of macromolecules which have the same FM_(Total) and furthermore have the same equal number of two functional moieties A and B. For these systems, FM_(A)=FM_(B)=16 and ΣFM_(i)=(FM_(A)+FM_(B))=32. However it is important to note that each of these examples has a different surface topology and it is the purpose of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature to identify and distinguish between these topological isomers even where the number and type of functional moieties of a macromolecule or dendritic motif is the same.

In one embodiment, two different functional moieties A and B are attached to the same surface building unit. In the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature of this invention the functional moieties attached to a particular surface building unit are represented within a single layer of parentheses, and can be described in terms of couplets. Preferred couplets are (AA), (BB) and (AB) and any combination thereof. For example, (AA) would represent that functional moiety A and a second functional moiety A are attached to the same surface building unit. This connectivity is demonstrated in FIG. 2.1. The macromolecules of FIG. 3 are represented using couplets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 2 FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 3.1 (BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 8 (BB) couplets 3.2 (AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 8 (BB) couplets 3.3 (AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 8 (BB) couplets 3.4 (AA)(BB)(AA)(BB)(AA)(BB)(AA)(BB)(BB)(AA)(BB)(AA)(BB)(AA)(BB)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 8 (BB) couplets 3.5 (AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB)(AB) 16 (AB) couplets

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of couplets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 3 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 2.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A and B may also be described in terms of couplets and quartets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature a quartet of the form ((AA)(AA)⁴ is used to represent four functional moieties A,A,A,A which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to a surface-but-one building unit. This connectivity is demonstrated by FIG. F2.2. A description of the topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif in terms of quartets can provide structural information about the lines of connectivity between the functional moieties and the surface-but-one building units to which they are attached.

The macromolecules of FIG. 3 are represented using quartets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 3A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 3.1 ((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 quartets ((AA)(AA))⁴ and ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 quartets ((BB)(BB))⁴ 3.2 ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 quartets ((AA)(AA))⁴ and ((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 quartets ((BB)(BB))⁴ 3.3 ((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 quartets ((AA)(AA))⁴ and ((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 quartets ((BB)(BB))⁴ 3.4 ((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴ 8 quartets ((AA)(BB))⁴ ((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴ 3.5 ((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴ 8 quartets ((AB)(AB))⁴ ((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of quartets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 3 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 3A.

When a quartet is to be assembled from two functional moieties, represented by A and B this may be done by making use of the preferred couplets (AA), (AB) and (BB). The preferred composition of quartets can be of the form:

TABLE 3B Ratio Type of quartet Equivalent quartet Homogenous ((AA)(AA))⁴ ((BB)(BB))⁴ 3:1 ((AA)(AB))⁴ ((AB)(BB))⁴ 1:1 ((AB)(AB))⁴; ((AA)(BB))⁴

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one quartet selected from Table 3B, including those quartets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two different functional moieties.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A and B may also be described in terms of couplets, quartets and octets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature an octet of the form: (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ is used to represent eight functional moieties A,A,A,A,A,A,A,A which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in fact to a surface-but-two building unit. This connectivity is demonstrated by FIG. F2.3. A description of the topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif in terms of octets can provide structural information about the lines of connectivity between the functional moieties and the surface-but-two building units to which they are attached.

The macromolecules of FIG. 3 are represented using octets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 4A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 3.1 (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 2 octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁴ and (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 octets (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 3.2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 2 octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁴ and (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 octets (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 3.3 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 3.4 (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 octets (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴)⁸ 3.5 (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 4 octets (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of octets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 3 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 4A.

When an octet is to be assembled from two functional moieties, represented by A and B this may be done by making use of the preferred quartets from Table 3B. The preferred composition of octets can be of the form:

TABLE 4B Ratio Type of octet Equivalent octet homogenous (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 7:1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AB))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 6:2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸, (((BB)(BB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AA)(AB))⁴)⁸. (((BB)(BA))⁴((BB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 5:3 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((BB)(AB))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸. (((BB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 4:4 (1:1) (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(BB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸, (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one octet selected from Table 4B, including those octets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two different functional moieties.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A and B may also be described in terms of couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature a 16-tet of the form: ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ is used to represent sixteen functional moieties of type A which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in fact to a surface-but-three building unit. This connectivity is demonstrated by FIG. F2.4. A description of the topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif in terms of 16-tets can provide structural information about the lines of connectivity between the functional moieties and the surface-but-three building units to which they are attached.

The macromolecules of FIG. 3 are represented using 16-tets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 5A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature 3.1 ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 3.2 ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 3.3 ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 3.4 ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(AA))⁴((BB)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 3.5 ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

When a 16-tet is to be assembled from two functional moieties, represented by A and B this may be done by making use of the preferred couplets, quartets and octets. The preferred composition of 16-tets can be of the form:

((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one 16-tet.

In another embodiment, the functional moieties attached to the surface building units of a macromolecule or dendritic motif are selected from A, B and D. Consider FIG. 5 which provides schematic diagrams of five different topological isomers of macromolecules with the same ratio, 2:1:1, of three functional moieties A, B and D. Furthermore these macromolecules have the same FM_(Total) and the same number of three functional moieties A, B and D, represented by FM_(A)=16, FM_(B)=8, FM_(D)=8, providing a description of the macromolecules in the form: ΣFM_(i)=(FM_(A)+FM_(B)+FM_(D))=16A+8B+8D=32. However it is important to note that each of these examples has a different surface topology and it is the purpose of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature to identify and distinguish between these topological isomers where the number/type of functional moieties of a macromolecule or dendritic motif is the same.

When three different functional moieties A, B and D are attached to the surface building units of a macromolecule or dendritic motif, preferred couplets are selected from (AA), (BB), (DD), (AB), (AD) and (BD), and combinations thereof.

The macromolecules of FIG. 5 are represented using couplets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 6 FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 5.1 (BB)(BB)(BB)(BB)(DD)(DD)(DD)(DD)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA), 4 (BB) and 4 (DD) couplets 5.2 (BB)(BB)(DD)(DD)(BB)(BB)(DD)(DD)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA), 4 (BB) and 4 (DD) couplets 5.3 (BB)(DD)(BB)(DD)(BB)(DD)(BB)(DD)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA), 4 (BB) and 4 (DD) couplets 5.4 (BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 4 (BD) couplets 5.5 (AA)(AA)(AA)(AA)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(BD)(AA)(AA)(AA)(AA) 8 (AA) couplets and 4 (BD) couplets

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of couplets containing functional moieties selected from A, B and D. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 5 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 6.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A, B and D may also be described in terms of couplets and quartets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature a quartet of the form ((AA)(BD))⁴ is used to represent four functional moieties A,A,B,D which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to a surface-but-one building unit.

The macromolecules of FIG. 5 are represented using quartets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 7A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 5.1 ((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴ 2 ((BB)(BB)) and 2 ((DD)(DD)) quartets; ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 ((AA)(AA)) quartets 5.2 ((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴ 2 ((BB)(BB)) and 2 ((DD)(DD)) quartets; ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 ((AA)(AA)) quartets 5.3 ((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴ 4 ((BB)(DD)) quartets; ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 ((AA)(AA)) quartets 5.4 ((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴ 4 ((BD)(BD)) quartets ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 ((AA)(AA)) quartets 5.5 ((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴ 4 ((BD)(BD)) quartets ((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴ 4 ((AA)(AA)) quartets

It is also possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of quartets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 5 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 7.

When a quartet is to be assembled from three functional moieties, represented by A, B and D, this may be done by making use of preferred couplets. The preferred composition of quartets additional to those in Table 3B can be of the form:

TABLE 7B Ratio Type of quartet Equivalent quartet 2:1:1 ((AA)(BD))⁴ ((BB)(AD))⁴ ((DD)(AB))⁴ 2:1:1 ((AB)(AD))⁴ ((BD)(AB))⁴ ((BD)(AD))⁴

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one quartet selected from Table 3B or 7B, including those quartets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two or three different functional moieties.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A, B and D may also be described in terms of couplets, quartets and octets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature an octet of the form (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ is used to represent eight functional moieties A,A,A,A,B,B,D,D which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to a surface-but-two unit.

The macromolecules of FIG. 5 are represented using octets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 8A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 5.1 (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 1 (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octet 1 (((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ octet 5.2 (((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 (((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ octets 5.3 (((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 (((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ octets 5.4 (((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 (((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ octets 5.5 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ octets (((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ 2 (((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ octets

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of octets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 5 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 8A.

When an octet is to be assembled from three functional moieties, represented by A, B and D, this may be done by making use of preferred quartets from Table 3B or 7B. The preferred composition of octets additional to those in Table 4B can be of the form:

TABLE 8B Ratio Type of Octet Examples of Equivalent Octets homog- (((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ enous 6:1:1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AA)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((BB)(BD))⁴)⁸ 5:2:1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((AD)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((BD)(AA))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((AB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AA)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((BB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸ 4:3:1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AD))⁴((BB)(BA))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AD))⁴((BD)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BD))⁴((AD)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((BB)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AD)(BD))⁴((AD)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BD))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(DD))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BD))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(DD))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AD))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AD)(AD))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AD))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ (((AD)(AD))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ 4:2:2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AA))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(BB))⁴((AD)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((AD)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AA)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AD)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AD)(AD))⁴)⁸ 3:3:2 (((AA)(AB))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((AA)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(AB))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((BB)(AB))⁴((AD)(AD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(DD))⁴((AD)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(BB))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AA)(DD))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(DD))⁴)⁸ (((AD)(AD))⁴((AD)(BB))⁴)⁸ (((AB)(AB))⁴((AD)(BD))⁴)⁸ (((AD)(AD))⁴((AB)(BD))⁴)⁸

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one octet selected from Table 4B or 8B, including those octets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two or three different functional moieties.

The surface topology of a macromolecule or dendritic motif bearing functional moieties A, B and D may also be described in terms of couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets. For example in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature a 16-tet of the form ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ is used to represent the sixteen functional moieties which have a line of connection to the same building unit, in fact to a surface-but-three building unit.

The macromolecules of FIG. 5 are represented using 16-tets in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 9A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature 5.1 ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 5.2 ((((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 5.3 ((((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 5.4 ((((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 5.5 ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ where:

-   -   there is one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and one         ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DD)(DD))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 5.1;     -   there is one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and one         ((((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((DD)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 5.2;     -   there is one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and one         ((((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸(((BB)(DD))⁴((BB)(DD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 5.3;     -   there is one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and one         ((((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 5.4; and     -   there are two         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BD)(BD))⁴((BD)(BD))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 5.5.

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention in terms of the composition (number and type) of 16-tets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 5 and summarised in dot point form above.

When a 16-tet is to be assembled from three functional moieties, represented by A, B and D, this may be done by making use of the preferred couplets, quartets and octets.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one 16-tet.

Linkers

It may be desirable to alter the surface composition and/or topology of a macromolecule or to provide an additional property to a functional moiety or macromolecule by way of the means through which the functional moiety is attached to the surface amine or surface building unit. This may be achieved by introducing linkers to the dendritic motif. Accordingly the macromolecules of the present invention as described herein may include functional moieties optionally attached to the surface or subsurface layers via linkers.

Linker moieties may be incorporated into the synthesis of a dendritic motif by substitution for a building unit. A linker moiety comprises two reactive groups, F and Y, which are connected by one or more carbons or heteroatoms, preferably by a hydrocarbon backbone. The functional group F may be activated to react with reactive amine moieties such as those on a core or dendritic motif. Typically the functional group F is a carboxylate group or residue thereof. The other functional group, Y, may be either an amine carrying a protecting group, or it is selected such that it has a specific reactivity that is complementary to a reactive group of a desired functional moiety that is to be attached to the surface of a dendritic motif. Typical examples of Y include amine, carboxylate, amine, hydroxyl, thiol, alkyl halide, allyl halide, heteroaryl halide, aryl halide, vinyl halide, epoxide, aziridine azide, alkene or alkyne.

When linker moieties are incorporated in a dendritic motif, and the group Y is intended for further reaction with a building unit, then the group Y is a protected amine. Where linker moieties are used to connect functional moieties to the surface building units or building units of dendritic motifs, the reaction between the linker and the functional moiety may be carried out either before, or after, the linker moiety is reacted with the surface building unit or building unit of the dendritic motif.

Linkers by definition maintain but do not amplify the number of surface amine groups of a macromolecule or dendritic motif. The surface composition and topology of a macromolecule which includes a complete layer of linkers, either attached to the surface amine groups or to the amine groups of a subsurface building unit, is equivalent to a macromolecule or dendritic motif which lacks this complete layer of linkers.

The number of functional moieties on the surface of a macromolecule or dendritic motif is reduced when a building unit is replaced a linker.

For example:

Description of structure Resulting Surface Stoichiometry Linker replaces one surface building unit:

 1 functional moiety in affected couplet  3 functional moieties in affected quartet  7 functional moieties in affected octet 15 functional moieties in affected 16-tet Linker replaces one surface-but-one building unit:

 2 functional moieties affected quartet  6 functional moieties in affected octet 14 functional moieties in affected 16-tet Linker replaces one surface-but-two building unit:

 4 functional moieties in affected octet 12 functional moieties in affected 16-tet

Incorporation of linkers is described in more detail below.

When linker moieties are incorporated in a macromolecule or dendritic motif, and the group Y is intended for further reaction with a building unit, then the group Y is a protected amine. Once a linker has been added to a macromolecule or dendritic motif the reactable amine group of the linker serves the same purpose as a surface amine group and is defined as such. Where linker moieties are used to connect functional moieties to the surface amine groups and/or surface building units of macromolecules or dendritic motifs, the reaction between the linker and the functional moiety may be carried out either before, or after, the linker moiety is reacted with the surface building units or building units of the dendritic motif.

A reaction which is used to introduce one or more linker moieties to a dendritic motif is conducted to ensure the complete reaction of all deprotected surface amines of a macromolecule or dendritic motif with the linker moieties. Typically this is done by using an excess of the chosen linker moiety.

The total number of functional moieties in a macromolecule or dendritic motif in which linkers have been used can be represented by FM_(Total). The composition of functional moieties of a macromolecule or dendritic motif, wherein all the surface amine groups and/or surface building units are attached to functional moieties, can also be provided in terms of FM_(Total) in a formula of the form ΣFM_(i)=FM_(total) where the surface of the macromolecule or dendritic motif has an integral quantity FM_(i) of functional moieties of type i: (FM_(i)=FM_(A), FM_(B) . . . FM_(Z)). Consider FIG. 7 which provides schematic diagrams of five different topological isomers of macromolecules wherein linkers have been used at various stages in the macromolecule synthesis. Each of these macromolecules can be described by a formula ΣFM_(i)=_(l)FM_(total), for example ΣFM_(i)=(8A+16B+4D)=28 for FIG. 7.1; ΣFM_(i)=(8A+16B)=24 for FIG. 7.2; ΣFM_(i)=(8A+8B+8D)=24 for FIG. 7.3; ΣFM_(i)=(12A+8B+4D)=24 for FIG. 7.4 and ΣFM_(i)=(8A+8B)=16 for FIG. 7.5.

The alpha-numeric topological nomenclature of couplets, quartets, octets and beyond is able to provide a description of the functional moiety composition in addition to the topology of macromolecules and dendritic motifs in which linkers have been used by making use of the maximum functional moiety number FM_(MAX) in addition to utilising the null symbol Ø. The null groups can also be used in descriptions of “work in progress” intermediates or growing macromolecules or dendritic motifs, which have an incomplete surface layer of building units due to subsurface building units having not yet been reacted (as illustrated in the examples). The use of null symbols maintains the integrity of the outer FM_(MAX).

The term FM_(MAX) is used to represent the number of functional moieties that would be present on a macromolecule or dendritic motif in a scenario wherein the layer of surface building units is complete and no building units have been replaced by linkers in the preparation thereof, and can be calculated using the formula:

FM _(Max) =N _(Core) ×N _(First Building Unit) × . . . ×FM _(Surface Building Unit)

where: N_(core) is the number of reactable amines on the core to which building units could be attached (this value is deleted when FM_(Max) is calculated for dendritic motifs); N_(First building unit) is the number of reactable amines on the building unit used in the first layer out from the core (when FM_(Max) is calculated for a dendritic motif, N_(First building unit) is that building unit with the apex carboxylate); FM_(Surface building unit) is the number of reactable amines on the surface building unit used in the preparation of the macromolecule or dendritic motif;

In one example of a calculation of FM_(Max) for a dendritic motif, consider that lysine has two reactable amines and so from the apex carboxylate a motif with two additional layers of lysine would have an FM_(MAX) of 2×2×2=8.

In a second example of a calculation of FM_(Max) for a macromolecule, consider FIG. 7.1 which is a macromolecule comprising 4 layers of lysine, each with two reactable amine groups from a core with two reactable amine groups. The FM_(Max) for this macromolecule is thus 2×2×2×2×2=32.

Identifiable differences between dendritic motifs which are enriched with respect to surface composition and in which linkers have been used may be described utilising the null symbol Ø in concert with knowledge of the maximum functional moiety number FM_(Max). The null symbols and their inclusion in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature make it possible to describe the connectivity between the functional moieties and the subsurface layers of building units when building units have been replaced by linkers. The use of the null symbol Ø in the alpha-numeric topological descriptions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs that include linkers is demonstrated by example, making use of the schematic diagrams of FIGS. 6 and 7.

The examples of FIG. 7 are included to demonstrate how the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature can be used to provide a description of macromolecules that include linkers which have a defined surface topology in addition to a defined composition of functional moieties. In particular the nomenclature makes it possible to identify the preferred couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets which are components of macromolecules, and which are a preferred embodiment of this invention.

The use of the null symbols enables concepts such as doublets, quartets, octets and 16-tets to be retained in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature when end stopping functional moieties (see below) or linkers are used in the synthesis of a dendritic motif. The null symbols and their inclusion in the topological nomenclature describe that part of a dendritic motif which has been lost as a result of replacing building units with linkers or end stopping moieties in end stopping reactions.

Consider FIG. 6.1 which represents a macromolecule comprising 4 layers of building units each with two reactable amine groups from a core with two reactable amine groups. The FM_(Max) for this macromolecule is thus 2×2×2×2×2=32. In those circumstances where linkers are used only to attach functional moieties to the surface building units, FM_(Max)=FM_(Total). There is no requirement for the Ø null symbol unless a linker replaces a building unit or end stopping reaction has been used on the surface amine group of a subsurface building unit.

A description of topology to the level of quartets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein surface building units have been replaced by linkers. It may be seen in FIG. 6.2 that for each surface building unit that is replaced by a linker, a value of 1 represented by Ø is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(Max). The use of the null symbols restores the integrity of the outer FM_(Total). In F6.2, the use of Ø is demonstrated as the functional moieties and null symbols related to the surface-but-one building units are gathered into their related couplets and quartets. When one surface building unit is replaced by a linker, one of the couplets will contain a functional moiety and a null symbol, and the other couplet will contain two functional moieties, providing quartets of the form: ((AA)(AØ))⁴ and ((BB)(BØ))⁴. The quartet ((AA)(AØ))⁴ indicates that there are three functional moieties A,A,A and all have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-one building unit and further indicates that couplet (AA) and functional moiety A are attached to the same building unit. Couplets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other couplets to provide quartet, octet and 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

When three different functional moieties A, B and D are attached to the surface building units of a macromolecule or dendritic motif, and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker, preferred couplets are selected from (AA), (BB), (DD), (AB), (AD), (BD), (AØ), (BØ) and (DØ) and combinations thereof.

The macromolecules of FIG. 7 are described in terms of couplets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 10 FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 7.1 (DØ)(AA)(BB)(BB)(DØ)(AA)(BB)(BB) 4 (AA), 8 (BB) and 4 (DØ) couplets (DØ)(AA)(BB)(BB)(DØ)(AA)(BB)(BB) 7.2 (AA)(ØØ)(BB)(BB)(AA)(ØØ)(BB)(BB) 4 (AA), 8 (BB) and 4 (ØØ) couplets (AA)(ØØ)(BB)(BB)(AA)(ØØ)(BB)(BB) 7.3 (DD)(DD)(ØØ)(ØØ)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB) 4 (AA), 4 (BB), 4 (DD) and 4 (ØØ) (DD)(DD)(ØØ)(ØØ)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB) couplets 7.4 (DD)(DD)(AA)(AA)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ) 6 (AA), 4 (BB), 2 (DD) and 4 (ØØ) (AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(AA)(AA)(BB)(BB) couplets 7.5 (AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ) 4 (AA), 4 (BB) and 8 (ØØ) couplets (AA)(AA)(ØØ)(ØØ)(BB)(BB)(ØØ)(ØØ)

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain linkers in terms of the composition (number and type) of couplets containing functional moieties A, B and D and making use of the null symbol Ø. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 7 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 10.

The macromolecules of FIG. 7 are described in terms of quartets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 11A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 7.1 ((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((BB)(BB))⁴ and 4 ((DØ)(AA))⁴ quartets ((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 7.2 ((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((AA)(ØØ))⁴ and 4 ((BB)(BB))⁴ quartets ((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 7.3 ((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 2 ((AA)(AA))⁴, 2 ((BB)(BB))⁴, 2 ((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ ((DD)(DD))⁴ and 2 ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ quartets 7.4 ((DD)(DD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ 3 ((AA)(AA))⁴, 2 ((BB)(BB))⁴, 1 ((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ ((DD)(DD))⁴ and 2 ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ quartets 7.5 ((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ 2 ((AA)(AA))⁴, 2 ((BB)(BB))⁴, and 4 ((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ quartets

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain linkers in terms of the composition (number and type) of quartets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 7 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 11A.

When a quartet is to be assembled from three functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker, this may be done by making use of the preferred couplets, in addition to using the null couplet (ØØ).

In a preferred embodiment, the composition of macromolecules or dendritic motifs includes at least one quartet selected from the set:

TABLE 11B Ratio Type of quartet Examples of equivalent quartets homogenous ((AA)(AØ))⁴ ((BB)(BØ))⁴ ((DD)(DØ))⁴ homogenous ((AA)(ØØ))⁴ ((BB)(ØØ))⁴ homogenous ((AØ)(AØ))⁴ ((BØ)(BØ))⁴ homogenous ((AØ)(ØØ))⁴ ((DØ)(ØØ))⁴ 2:1 ((AA)(BØ))⁴ ((AA)(DØ))⁴ ((BB)(AØ))⁴ ((BB)(DØ))⁴ 2:1 ((AB)(AØ))⁴ ((AD)(AØ))⁴ ((AB)(BØ))⁴ ((BD)(BØ))⁴ 1:1 ((AB)(ØØ))⁴ ((BD)(ØØ))⁴ 1:1 ((AØ)(BØ))⁴ ((BØ)(DØ))⁴ 1:1:1 ((AB)(DØ))⁴ ((AD)(BØ))⁴ ((BD)(AØ))⁴

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one quartet selected from Table 3B or 7B or 11B, including those quartets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two or three different functional moieties.

A description of topology to the level of octets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein surface-but-one building units have been replaced by linkers. It may be seen in FIG. 6.3 that for each surface-but-one building units that is replaced by a linker, a value of 2 represented by ØØ is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(Max). The use of the null symbols restores the integrity of the outer FM_(Total).

In F6.3, the use of ØØ is demonstrated as the functional moieties and null symbols related to the surface-but-two building units are gathered into their related couplets, quartets and octets. When one surface-but-one building unit is replaced by a linker, one of the quartets of the octet will contain a null couplet (ØØ), and the other couplet will contain two functional moieties. The second quartet will be complete, providing octets of the form: (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ and (((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(ØØ))⁴)⁸. The octet (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ indicates that there are six functional moieties A,A,A,A,A,A all having a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-two building unit and further indicates that quartet ((AA)(AA))⁴ and couplet (AA) are attached to the same building unit. Quartets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other quartets to provide octet and 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

The macromolecules of FIG. 7 are described in terms of octets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 12A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 7.1 (((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 (((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets (((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 7.2 (((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 (((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 7.3 (((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 2 (((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ and (((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets 7.4 (((DD)(DD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets, (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1 (((DD)(DD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ and 1 (((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ octet 7.5 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ , 1 (((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸, and 1 (((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ octet

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain linkers in terms of the composition (number and type) of octets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 7 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 12A.

When an octet is to be assembled from three functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker, this may be done by making use of the preferred quartets from Table 3B, 7B and 11B, in addition to using the null quartet ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ in the manner which has been demonstrated for combining quartets to provide octets above.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition of macromolecules or dendritic motifs includes at least one octet selected from the set: (((AA)(AA))⁴((AB)(AØ))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(AB))⁴((AA)(DØ))⁴)⁸, (((AA)(AB))⁴((AD)(BØ))⁴)⁸, (((AB)(AD))⁴((AB)(DØ))⁴)⁸, ((AA)(AØ))⁴((AB)(AØ))⁴)⁸, (((AB)(AD))⁴((AØ)(AØ))⁴) 8 or (((AB)(AD))⁴((AØ)(BØ))⁴)⁸.

A description of topology to the level of 16-tets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein surface-but-two building units have been replaced by linkers. It may be seen in FIG. 6.4 that for each surface-but-two building unit that is replaced by a linker, a value of 4 represented by ØØØØ is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(MAX). The use of the null symbols restores the integrity of the outer FM_(Total).

In F6.4, the use of ØØØØ is demonstrated as the functional moieties and null symbols related to the surface-but-three building units are gathered into their related couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets. When one surface-but-two building unit is replaced by a linker, one of the octets will contain a null quartet ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴, and the other quartet will contain four functional moieties. The second octet will be complete, providing 16-tets of the form: ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶. The 16-tet (AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ indicates that there are 12 functional moieties of type A all having a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-three building unit and further indicates that octet (((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸ and quartet ((AA)(AA))⁴ are attached to the same building unit. Octets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other octets to provide 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

The macromolecules of FIG. 7 are described in terms of 16-tets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 13 FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature 7.1 ((((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 7.2 ((((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 7.3 ((((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 7.4 ((((DD)(DD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 7.5 ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ where:

-   -   there are two         ((((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((DØ)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 7.1;     -   a there are two         ((((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 7.2;     -   there are two         ((((DD)(DD))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 7.3;     -   there is one         ((((DD)(DD))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 7.4; and     -   there is one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ)⁴)⁸)¹⁶ one         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tet in         FIG. 7.5.

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain linkers in terms of the composition (number and type) of 16-tets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 7 and summarised in dot point form above.

When an 16-tet is to be assembled from three functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker, this may be done by making use of the preferred octets including homogenous octets, in addition to using the null octet (((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ in the manner which has been demonstrated for combining quartets to provide octets above.

Summary of Various Cleavable Linkers

Cleavable linkers may be designed to be enzymatically cleaved, and may for example, be used in dendrimers targeted to tissues expressing those enzymes. Alternatively, an acid labile linker may be preferred such that the compound attached to it is released under acid conditions, such as in hypoxic tissue. In a further alternative, photocleavable linkers may be used.

The linker moiety may be selected from one or more of the following:

Linker type Linker Stable Amide; PEG-peptide Acid Labile Hydrazone, Oxime, Imine; Ester and Orthoester; Aconitic amide; Acetal/Ketal. Thiol Labile Disulfide Enzyme Labile Esters (Esterases and proteases); Peptide sequences

Stable Linkers Amide Linkers:

The nature of an amide bond is important in determining whether the functional moiety will be released from a conjugate. The release of free drug from protein carriers bound via a direct amide linker will only be achievable in rare circumstances where the drug is itself a peptide-like molecule and the bond between drug and carrier is enzymatically cleavable.

PEG-Peptide:

PEG-peptides are used in a similar way to conventional peptides, except the PEG moiety provides additional in vivo stability and mass for the carrier. It has the advantage of increasing the distance between a carrier and a drug for example while exposing the site of enzymatic cleavage, decrease immunogenicity of the conjugate, increase blood circulation times and increasing the solubility of the complex.

Acid Labile

Hydrazone, Oxime and Imine linkers:

Hydrazone, oxime and imine bonds do not require the presence of enzymes to allow cleavage of the drug from the carrier. They are able to be cleaved hydrolytically at the C═N bond in low pH environments such as in the tumour extravascular space or within lysosomes.

Ester Linkers:

Both acid labile and metabolisable ester linkers can be made. Orthoesters have been used to conjugate PEG to lipids which bind anionic membrane carriers. The stability of the conjugate in acidic conditions (pH 4-6) depends on the structure of the ester or orthoester linker. In terms of simple ester conjugation to small molecules, diester functionalities provide more sites for metabolic cleavage compared with monoesters which are more stable than disulfides but less stable than amide bonds.

Acetals and Ketals:

This kind of linker is particularly useful when the pharmaceutically active agent includes a hydroxyl moiety. In general ketals are more acid labile than acetal linkages.

Thiol Labile Disulfide Linkers:

Disulfide linkers are the most unstable linkers currently used and undergo rapid reductive cleavage in vitro. Their in vivo stability is generally higher, however, than their in vitro stability. They may be formed via disulfide linkages between sulphur containing amino acids or at non peptide based disulfide bonds. They also show greater reactivity with other nucleophilic thiols in the body and hence show rapid plasma clearance.

Enzyme Labile Peptide Linkers:

Peptide linkers are by far the most versatile of all cleavable linkers in that many different combinations of amino acids can be used to control the rate of cleavage and the cleavage enzyme. While there are a number of problems associated with their use as conjugates for drug and carrier, it may be controlled by choosing an appropriate peptide bound directly to the drug molecule, e.g. proline. Generally, cathepsin B cleavable linkers have been designed to be cleaved by cathepsin (located in lysosomes and not free in the cytosol) following endocytosis of the complex. Non-specific proteases (i.e. proteases that are not specific for a particular peptide sequence) may cleave a drug from a PEGylated dendrimer after it has undergone sufficient extravasation and accumulation in tumour tissue.

Summary of Non-Cleavable Linkers

Non-cleavable linkers may be selected from the group consisting of polypeptides (i.e. amino acid residues, oligomeric polyamines and polyamine amides), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), synthetic polymers (PEG, PEOX, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), linear polyamidoamines and DIVEMA); natural polymers (dextran (alpha-1,6 polyglucose), dextrin (alpha-1,4 polyglucose), hyaluronic acid, chitosans); and pseudosynthetic polymers, such as the man-made poly(amino acids) poly(L-lysine), poly(glutamic acid) (PGA), poly(malic acid), poly(aspartamides), poly(lactides), poly(glycolides) and poly(lactides co glycolides).

In a preferred embodiment, the linker may include a hydrocarbon, PEG or PEOX backbone, or a combination thereof.

Another preferred embodiment of the linker is described in formula 1

{A-[V]_(a)-(X¹)_(b)-[Y¹]_(c)-(X²)_(d)-[Y²]_(e)-(X³)_(p)}_(f)-Z  (Formula 1)

a a = 0 or 1 (see V below) provides optional CH or CH₂ linker, to facilitate hydrazone, oxime or ether type linkages. b b = 0 then linker section Y¹ or Y² to connect directly to ligand A b = 1 allows use of X¹: preferred. c c = 0 eliminates first linker section, and would most likely require b = 0 as well c = 1 allows use of Y¹: preferred. d d = 0 then linker section Y² connects directly to linker section Y¹ etc. d = 1 allows use of X²: preferred. e e = 0 eliminates second linker section, and d = 0 as well preferred e = 1 allows use of Y²: preferred. p p = 0 then dendrimer Z connects directly to linker section Y² (or Y¹ or V or A) and allows for f = 2. p = 1 allows use of X³: preferred. f f = 1 when X³ is used: preferred. f = 2 when X³ is not used, allows for two linkers per dendrimer Z. X³ C(W³), OC(W³), NRC(W³), SC(W³); preferably C(W³) where W = O In the preferred embodiment, the join X³ is an amide connection between the dendrimer Z and the second linker section Y². X^(n) (X¹ and O, S, NR, NRO, ONR X²) C(W^(n)), OC(W^(n)), C(W^(n))O, NRC(W^(n)), C(W^(n))NR, OC(W^(n))O, OC(W^(n))NR, NRC(W^(n))O, NRC(W^(n))NR Preferably C(W^(n))NR where W = O and R = H. There are two joins, X¹ and X². X² “joins” the two linker sections (Y¹ to Y²), and preferably an amide, carboxyl from Y¹. X¹ “joins” the ligand to the first linker section (Y¹) and preferably an amide, carboxyl from A; or an ether where a = 0 or 1. R hydrogen or small group, each R is same or different, small group defined as: an alkyl chain of 1 to 10 atoms which may incorporate within the chain an aryl moiety of 5 to 10 atoms, where the alkyl chain and/or aryl moiety may include one or more O, N or S atoms exchanged for one or more C atoms; preferably R = H. W O or S; preferably O Y^(n) (Y¹ and The linker section may be made up from a combination of one or more fragment types. Y²) Y¹ is the first linker section and functions to connect ligand to longer linker section, sensitive to needs of receptor; possibly more hydrophobic, with potential H bond donor/acceptor. Y² is the second linker fragment and provides water solubility, length and possibly rigidity. fragment 1: (CH₂)_(g) where g = 1-12 fragment 2: [O—(CH₂)_(h)]_(i) where h = 2-6 and i = 1-30 fragment 3: [(O)_(j)—(CH₂)_(k)-Aryl-(CH₂)_(l)—(O)_(m)]_(o) where j = 0-1, k = 0-3, l = 0-3, m = 0-1, o = 1-10 fragment 4: oligopeptides of up to 30 amino acids preferably including Glycine, Serine, Glutamate, Aspartate or β-alanine fragment 5: linear oligosaccharides of up to 10 hexose units, preferably including Glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, galactose; interconnected by glycosidic bonds selected from 1-2, 1-4 or 1-6. V CH(R)_(r) where r = 1 if bond to X^(n) or Y^(n) is saturated; r = 0 if bond to X^(n) or Y^(n) is unsaturated. A A is a functional moiety: optionally modified to include V; or optionally modified to provide a new functional group for attachment to X^(n) or Y^(n); or optionally modified to convert an existing functional group into a functional group for attachment to X^(n) or Y^(n) Z Z is a lysine dendrimer terminal nitrogen group (which may form one or two bonds, so f = 1 or 2);

The length of the linker will vary depending on the functional moiety being used.

The use of the null symbols enables concepts such as doublets, quartets, octets and 16-tets to be retained in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature when end stopping reactions (see below) or linkers have been used in the synthesis of a dendritic motif. The null symbols and their inclusion in the topological nomenclature describe that part of a dendritic motif which has been lost as a result of replacing building units with linkers or end stopping reactions.

End-Stopping Reactions

It may be desirable to alter the surface topology of a macromolecule or to provide a particular encapsulated site therein. This may be achieved by utilising functional moieties that function as end stopping moieties (or groups) to introduce modifications to the macromolecule or dendritic motif.

An end stopping reaction is defined as the complete reaction of all deprotected surface amine groups of a macromolecule or dendritic motif with an end stopping functional moiety R where the moiety R is then inert to subsequent chemical transformations that are carried out on the macromolecule or dendritic motif for the purposes of the addition of further building units, linker groups or end stopping reactions. The end stopping functional moiety may be transformed into a functional moiety by a chemical or other stimulus at a chosen stage in the process of preparing the macromolecule or dendritic motif.

A reaction which is used to introduce one or more end stopping moieties to a dendritic motif is conducted to ensure the complete reaction of all deprotected surface amine groups of a macromolecule or dendritic motif with the reactive end stopping functional moieties. Typically this is done by using an excess of the end stopping functional moiety. The reaction is described in more detail in Example 72.

The total number of functional moieties in a macromolecule or dendritic motif in which end stopping has occurred can be represented by FM_(Total). The composition of functional moieties of a macromolecule or dendritic motif, wherein all the surface amine groups and/or surface building units are attached to functional moieties, can also be provided in terms of FM_(Total) in a formula of the form ΣFM_(i)=FM_(total) where the surface of the macromolecule or dendritic motif has an integral quantity FM_(i) of functional moieties of type i: (FM_(i)=FM_(A), FM_(B) . . . FM_(Z)) and where FM_(i) may comprise one or more functional moieties R of type i: (R_(i)=R₁, R₂ . . . R_(n)). Consider FIG. 9 which provides schematic diagrams of five different topological isomers of macromolecules wherein end stopping reactions have been used at various stages in the macromolecule synthesis. Each of these macromolecules can be described by a formula ΣFM_(i)=FM_(total), for example ΣFM_(i)=(16R₁+16R₂)=32 for FIG. 9.1; ΣFM_(i)=(8A+16B+4R₁)=28 for FIG. 9.2; ΣFM_(i)=(16B+4R₁)=20 for FIG. 9.3; ΣFM_(i)=(8A+8B+2R₁)=18 for FIG. 9.4 and ΣFM_(i)=(8A+4R₁+4R₂)=16 for FIG. 9.5.

The alpha-numeric topological nomenclature of couplets, quartets, octets and beyond is able to provide a description of the functional moiety composition in addition to the topology of macromolecules and dendritic motifs in which end stopping reactions have been used by making use of the maximum functional moiety number FM_(MAX) in addition to utilising the null symbol Ø.

The term FM_(MAX) is used to represent the number of functional moieties that would be present on a macromolecule or dendritic motif in a scenario where no end stopping functional moieties or linkers are attached at or below a surface-but-one building unit in the preparation thereof.

Identifiable differences between dendritic motifs which are enriched with respect to surface stoichiometry and in which end stopping reactions have been used may be described utilising the null symbol Ø in concert with knowledge of the maximum functional moiety number FM_(MAX).

The null symbols and their inclusion in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature make it possible to describe the connectivity between the functional moieties and the subsurface layers of building units when end stopping has been used. The use of the null symbol Ø in the alpha-numeric topological descriptions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs that contain end stopping moieties is demonstrated by example, making use of the schematic diagrams of FIGS. 8 and 9.

The examples of FIG. 9 are included to demonstrate how the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature can be used to provide a description of macromolecules that include end stopping functional moieties and which have a defined surface topology in addition to a defined surface composition of functional moieties. In particular the nomenclature makes it possible to identify the preferred couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets which are components of macromolecules, and which are a preferred embodiment of this invention.

The use of the null symbols enables concepts such as couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets to be retained in the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature when end stopping reactions or linkers have been used in the synthesis of a dendritic motif. The null symbols and their inclusion in the topological nomenclature describe that part of a dendritic motif which has been lost as a result of end stopping reactions or by replacing building units with linkers.

Consider FIG. 8.1 which represents a macromolecule comprising 4 layers of building units each with two reactable amine groups from a core with two reactable amine groups. The FM_(MAX) for this macromolecule motif is thus 2×2×2×2×2=32. In those circumstances where linkers and end stopping functional moieties are attached only on the surface building units, FM_(Max)=FM_(Total) and there is no requirement for the Ø null symbol.

A description of topology to the level of quartets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein end stopping functional moieties have been attached at the surface-but-one layer building units. It may be seen in FIG. 8.2 that for each end stopping functional moiety Ri that is attached to a surface amine group of a surface-but-one building unit, a value of 1 represented by Ø is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(MAX). The use of the null symbols restores the integrity of the outer FM_(Total). In F8.2, the use of Ø is demonstrated as the functional moieties and null symbols related to the surface-but-one building units are gathered into their related couplets and quartets. When one end stopping functional moiety is attached to the surface-but-one building unit, one of the couplets will contain a end stopping functional moiety and a null symbol (R_(i)Ø), and the other couplet will contain two functional moieties, providing quartets of the form: ((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴ and ((BB)(R₂Ø))⁴. The quartet ((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴ indicates that there are three functional moieties A,A,R₁ and all have a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-one building unit and further indicates that couplet (AA) and end stopping functional moiety R₁ are attached to the same building unit. Couplets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other couplets to provide quartet, octet and 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

The macromolecules of FIG. 9 are described in terms of couplets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 14 FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 9.1 (R₁R₁)(R₁R₁)(R₂R₂)(R₂R₂)(R₁R₁)(R₁R₁)(R₂R₂)(R₂R₂) 8 (R₁R₁) and 8 (R₂R₂) (R₁R₁)(R₁R₁)(R₂R₂)(R₂R₂)(R₁R₁)(R₁R₁)(R₂R₂)(R₂R₂) couplets 9.2 (AA)(R₁Ø)(BB)(BB)(AA)(R₁Ø)(BB)(BB) 4 (AA), 8 (BB) and 4 (R₁Ø) couplets (AA)(R₁Ø)(BB)(BB)(AA)(R₁Ø)(BB)(BB) 9.3 (R₁Ø)(ØØ)(BB)(BB)(R₁Ø)(ØØ)(BB)(BB) 8 (BB), 4 (R₁Ø) and 4 (ØØ) (R₁Ø)(ØØ)(BB)(BB)(R₁Ø)(ØØ)(BB)(BB) couplets 9.4 (AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(R₁Ø)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ) 4 (AA), four (BB), 2 (R₁Ø) (AA)(AA)(BB)(BB)(R₁Ø)(ØØ)(ØØ)(ØØ) and 6 (ØØ) couplets 9.5 (R₁Ø)(AA)(R₂Ø)(ØØ)(R₁Ø)(AA)R₂Ø)(ØØ) 4 (AA), 4 (R₁Ø), 4 (R₂Ø) (R₁Ø)(AA)(R₂Ø)(ØØ)(R₁Ø)(AA)(R₂Ø)(ØØ) and 4 (ØØ) couplets

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain end stopping moieties in terms of the composition (number and type) of couplets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 9 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 14.

The macromolecules of FIG. 9 are described in terms of quartets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 15A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 9.1 ((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴ 4 ((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴ and ((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴ 4 ((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴ quartets 9.2 ((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴ and ((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((BB)(BB))⁴ quartets 9.3 ((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴ and ((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴ 4 ((BB)(BB))⁴ quartets 9.4 ((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ 2 ((AA)(AA))⁴, 2 ((BB)(BB))⁴, ((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ 2 ((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴ and 2 ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ quartets 9.5 ((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴ 4 ((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴ and ((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴ 4 ((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴ quartets

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain end stopping moieties in terms of the composition (number and type) of quartets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 9 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 15A.

When a quartet is to be assembled from three functional moieties or end stopping functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker or end stopping reactions have been used, this may be done by making use of the preferred couplets in addition to using the null couplet (ØØ) in the manner which has been demonstrated for combining couplets to provide quartets above.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one quartet selected from Table 3B or 7B or 11B, including those quartets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two or three different functional moieties. In this preferred embodiment, the symbols A, B and D are taken to represent different functional moieties or end stopping functional moieties.

A description of topology to the level of octets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein end stopping moieties have been attached at the surface-but-two layer building units. It may be seen in FIG. 8.3 that for each end stopping functional moiety Ri that is attached to a surface amine group of a surface-but-two building unit, a value of 3 represented by ØØØ is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(MAX). The use of the null symbols restores the integrity of the outer FM_(Total). In F8.3, the use of ØØØ is demonstrated as the functional moieties and null symbols related to the surface-but-two building units gathered into their related couplets, quartets and octets. When an end stopping functional moiety R is attached to a surface-but-two building unit, one of the quartets will contain a null couplet (ØØ), and the other couplet will contain R_(i) and a null symbol as (R₁Ø). The second quartet will be complete, providing octets of the form: (((AA)(AA))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ and (((BB)(BB))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸. The octet (((AA)(AA))⁴((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ indicates that there are five functional moieties A,A,A,A,A,R₁ all having a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-two building unit. Quartets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other quartets to provide octet and 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

The macromolecules of FIG. 9 are described in terms of octets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 16A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature Composition 9.1 (((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸(((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸ 4 (((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸ (((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸(((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸ octets 9.2 (((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 (((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets (((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 9.3 (((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 4 (((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ octets (((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 9.4 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 2 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ and (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 2 (((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ octets 9.5 (((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ 4 (((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ octets (((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸

It is possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain end stopping moieties in terms of the composition (number and type) of octets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 9 and summarised in the “composition” column of Table 16A.

When an octet is to be assembled from three functional moieties or end stopping functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker or end stopping reactions have been used, this may be done by making use of the preferred quartets from Tables 3B, 7B and 11B, in addition to using the null quartet ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴ in the manner which has been demonstrated for combining quartets to provide octets above.

A description of topology to the level of 16-tets is required to describe the subsurface connectivity for macromolecules wherein end stopping functional moieties have been attached at the surface-but-three layer building units. It may be seen in FIG. 8.4 that for each end stopping functional moiety Ri that is attached to a surface amine group, a value of 7 represented by ØØØØØØØ is lost from the final outer surface FM_(Total) so that FM_(Total)+ΣØ=FM_(MAX). When one end stopping functional moiety is attached to a surface-but-three building unit, one of the octets will contain a null quartet ((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴, and the other quartet will contain only the R_(i) and null symbols as ((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴. The second octet will be complete, providing 16-tets of the form: ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ and ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶. The 16-tet ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ indicates that there are 8 functional moieties of type A and an end stopping functional moiety R₁ all having a line of connection to the same building unit, in particular to the surface-but-three building unit. Octets that contain one or more null symbols Ø may be grouped together with other octets to provide 16-tet descriptions of surface topology.

The macromolecules of FIG. 9 are described in terms of 16-tets making use of the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature as follows:

TABLE 17A FIG. alpha-numeric topological nomenclature 9.1 ((((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂ R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸(((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂) (R₂R₂))⁴)⁸(((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 9.2 ((((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 9.3 ((((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 9.4 ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 9.5 ((((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ where:

-   -   there are two         ((((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸(((R₁R₁)(R₁R₁))⁴((R₂R₂)(R₂R₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶         16-tets in FIG. 9.1;     -   there are 2         ((((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(R₁Ø))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 9.2;     -   there are two         ((((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 9.3;     -   a there are two         ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16-tets         in FIG. 9.4; and     -   there are two         ((((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸(((R₁Ø)(AA))⁴((R₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴)⁸)¹⁶         16-tets in FIG. 9.5.

It is then possible to describe the macromolecules or dendritic motifs of this invention that contain end stopping moieties in terms of the composition (number and type) of 16-tets. This is demonstrated for clarity in the examples of FIG. 9 and summarised in dot point form above.

When an 16-tet is to be assembled from three functional moieties or end stopping functional moieties represented by A, B and D; and at least one building unit has been replaced by a linker or end stopping reactions have been used, this may be done by making use of the preferred octets, in addition to using the null octet (((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴((ØØ)(ØØ))⁴)⁸ in the manner which has been demonstrated for combining quartets to provide octets above.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of macromolecules or dendritic motifs include at least one 16-tet assembled from preferred octets including those octets which can be considered equivalent by way of their topology and relative composition of two or three different functional moieties. In this preferred embodiment, the symbols A, B and D are taken to represent different functional moieties or end stopping functional moieties.

The macromolecules or dendritic motifs of the invention may be attached to cores. In a preferred aspect of the present invention, there is provided a macromolecule having a core and at least one dendritic motif of the formula:

Core[[Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p)]_(q)

wherein: a [Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p) defines a dendritic motif; the core may be any compound, particle or substrate to which the dendritic motif may be attached. Preferably the core contains one or more reactive nitrogens and is selected from the group consisting of lysine, a derivative thereof, a diamine compound, a triamine compound, or a tetramine compound. the Building Unit is selected from a lysine or lysine analogue; the Surface Building Unit, which may be the same as, or different to that of the building unit, is selected from lysine or lysine analogue or a building unit selected from the sets herein described; the Functional moieties include two or more different functional moieties selected from protecting groups; biological effect moiety ligands for extracellular receptors; property modifiers; biological targeting groups; signalling groups; antigenic materials; genetic materials; pharmaceutically active agents; groups adapted to mediate binding to a second entity, and linkers. m represents the sum of the building units of the subsurface layers of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 1≦integer≦64; n represents the number of surface building units of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 2≦integer≦64; p represents the total number of functional moieties on the surface of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 4≦integer≦128; and q represents the total number of dendritic motifs on the core of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 1≦integer≦10⁶.

Depending on the type of core, the number of dendritic motifs that may be attached to the core is quite variable. In one embodiment, more than one dendritic motif may be attached to a core to enable the construction of larger, more complex macromolecules. For example, two dendritic motifs, each having 3 subsurface layers and 1 surface layer and bearing 16 functional moieties, may be attached to a divalent core, producing a macromolecule having two dendritic motifs and bearing 32 functional moieties.

In yet another embodiment, wherein the core is the reactive amine groups of a macroscopic surface, for example: the surface of a diagnostic device that is utilised for detection of one or more analytes, (see below for further options) a very large number of dendritic motifs may be attached.

Preferably the core is a diamine compound selected from the benzhydrylamide of lysine or other lysine amide or:

where a is an integer of 1 to 9, preferably 1 to 5;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1-5, preferably 2 or 3 and d is an integer from 0-100, preferably 1-30;

where a and b, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 5;

where a and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6 and where c is an integer from 0-6;

where a and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6 and where b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers from 0-6. a triamine compound selected from:

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6; and d, e and f, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6.

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6. or a tetramine compound selected from

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6; and e, f, g and h, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6. and furthermore, the alkyl chain moieties of the core may be understood to include either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N.

More preferably the core is benzhydrylamido-lysine (BHALys), or a compound selected from the following:

where a is an integer of 1 to 5;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 2 or 3 and d is an integer from 1-30;

where a and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 or 2 and where b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers from 0-2. a triamine compound selected from:

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 2;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 2; and d, e and f, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 2.

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 3. or a tetramine compound

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 1

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 2

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 2; and e, f, g and h, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 2.

In an alternative embodiment, the core may itself be a non-lysine dendrimer. A poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(propyleneimine) POPAM or polyethyleneimine (PEI) dendrimer, dendrigrafts, arborols or the like may form the core. In a further embodiment, the core may be a linear polymer, for example poly-lysine, poly-vinylamine or poly-ω-aminoalkylmethacrylamides.

In yet another embodiment, the core may be a metallic or non-metallic particle, for example a gold particle or colloid, latex, a metal oxide, a micelle, a vesicle, a liposome, a buckball, a carbon nanotube (single and double wall), carbon fibre and silica. The cores may be reactable groups, or the dendritic motif may be modified to be attachable to any surface.

In a further embodiment, the core may be the reactive amine groups of a macroscopic surface, for example: the surface of a diagnostic device that is utilised for detection of one or more analytes; the surfaces of medical devices; the surfaces of components used in separation technologies such as chromatographic media or membranes; the surfaces of semiconductor components used in electronic devices. In another embodiment, the dendritic motif may be modified to allow attachment of the motif to the core, wherein the core does not have reactive amine groups.

Synthesis of Macromolecules

There are a number of ways of synthesising or “building” a macromolecule of the present invention. Preferably the macromolecule is a dendrimer. One process for synthesising macromolecules of the present invention involves the sequential reaction of a growing macromolecule core moiety and one or more layers of building compounds.

Accordingly, in one aspect, there is provided a process for preparing a macromolecule, which process includes

i) providing

-   -   a growing macromolecule including at least one reactable group;     -   a first building compound having a hydrocarbon backbone, and         bearing an apex carbonyl group and at least one amine group         bearing a functional moiety being a protecting group;         ii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the first building         compound; and         iii) reacting the deprotected growing macromolecule with the         apex carbonyl group of the first building compound.

The steps of the process will then be reiterated until a macromolecule of the desired subsurface and surface layers is achieved.

Preferably the building compounds are lysine or lysine analogues selected from the compounds 1-9 described earlier; the surface building compound is preferably a lysine or lysine analogue selected from the same compounds as the building unit, or compounds 10-16 as also described earlier. Most preferably, it is glutamate or aspartate. Taking a lysine analogue as an example for use in the above process, the apex carboxylate F of the lysine analogues will necessarily be activated prior to reaction with an unprotected amine moiety, and each of the reactable amine groups of the lysine analogue is protected to prevent self condensation. Reactable amines of the building compounds are always protected when the apex carboxylate of a building compound is reacted with unprotected nitrogens of a growing macromolecule. Furthermore the reaction between unprotected amines and activated lysine analogues is always carried out in such a way so as to ensure that the unprotected amines are completely reacted with the chosen lysine analogue. This is most simply done by using a stoichiometric excess of the activated lysine analogue.

A growing macromolecule may be a core including reactable moieties or modified to have reactable moieties bearing protecting groups, or a core having at least one layer of building compounds, to which further layers of building compounds may be reacted. The core may be selected from compounds 17 to 32 as described earlier. Alternatively the core may be a non-lysine dendrimer such as a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(propyleneimine) POPAM or polyethyleneimine (PEI) dendrimer, dendrigrafts, arborols or the like may form the core, or a linear polymer, such as poly-lysine, poly-vinylamine or poly-ω-aminoalkylmethacrylamides.

In a further embodiment, the core may be a metallic or non-metallic particle, for example a gold particle or colloid, latex, a metal oxide, a micelle, a vesicle, a liposome, a buckball, a carbon nanotube (single and double wall), carbon fibre and silica.

In a further embodiment, the core may be the reactive amine groups of a macroscopic surface, for example: the surface of a diagnostic device that is utilised for detection of one or more analytes; the surfaces of medical devices; the surfaces of components used in separation technologies such as chromatographic media or membranes; the surfaces of semiconductor components used in electronic devices.

An alternative process for synthesising the macromolecule of the present invention includes the preliminary step of providing a dendritic motif for attachment to the growing macromolecule.

Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided a process for preparing a macromolecule, which process includes

i) providing

-   -   a growing macromolecule including a first reactable group, at         least one of which bears a first functional moiety being a         protecting group;     -   a compound including at least one dendritic motif bearing at         least two functional moieties, the motif having a surface layer         and at least one subsurface layer, and having a hydrocarbon         backbone and bearing an apex carbonyl group;         ii) activating the first reactable group by removing the first         protecting group;         iii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the dendritic motif,         and         iv) reacting the deprotected growing macromolecule with the         carbonyl group of the dendritic motif.

In one embodiment, the two functional moieties may be the same or different on each of the growing macromolecule and the compound having at least one dendritic motif. In turn, depending on what the functional moieties are, the functional moiety stoichiometry can be controlled at the surface and subsurface level. The functional moiety stoichiometry can be controlled through the use of a dendritic motif in which the surface amine protecting group stoichiometry and topology has been established. It has been observed that such an approach can provide macromolecules of the present invention that are of high purity.

Preferably there is provided a preparation of macromolecules, wherein at least 80% of the macromolecules exhibit the same functional moiety stoichiometry prior to any end stage or final purification processes, as a result of the process for preparation.

The compound including at least one dendritic motif for use in the process of the present invention may be prepared in any suitable manner. In one embodiment, there is provided a process for preparing a compound including at least one dendritic motif which process includes:

-   -   iv) providing     -   a first building compound including an apex carbonyl group,         attached directly or indirectly to at least one amine group         bearing at least one functional moiety;     -   a second building compound including an apex carbonyl group,         attached to at least one amine group, the building compound         bearing a first and second functional moiety one of which is         attached to the amine group;     -   v) activating the amine group on the first building compound by         removing the protecting group;     -   vi) activating the apex carbonyl of the second building         compound; and     -   vii) reacting the deprotected first building compound with the         apex carbonyl group of the second building compound.

The dendritic motif preferably has a surface layer and two or more layers, and can be built by reiterating the steps above.

Alternatively, the first building compound may already include at least layers i.e. when the carbonyl group is indirectly attached to the at least one functional moiety.

The order of removal of protecting groups may be an important factor in determining the sequence of reactions that may be used to prepare macromolecules and the dendritic motifs thereof comprising different amine protecting groups, particularly in those cases where the cleavage conditions for one amine protecting group can lead to the loss of a spectator amine protecting group. Accordingly, when the growing macromolecule includes a second reactable group that bears a functional moiety being a protective group, and the second protecting group is different to the first, the second protecting group is inert to the activating conditions for removing the first protecting group. The protecting group table below provides the preferred set of resolvable, and orthogonal, amine protecting groups.

A set of resolvable amine protecting groups are defined as those for which an order of removal exists such that those groups that are not meant for cleavage are inert to the cleavage conditions. When protecting groups are defined as orthogonal, this means that each group is inert to the cleavage conditions required to remove each of the other groups of the orthogonal set. Illustrative amine protecting groups may be sourced in the following references: Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1999, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protecting Groups 3^(rd) Edition, Thieme Stuttgart 2004, Kocienski, P. J. Preferred amine protecting groups may be selected from Table 18.

TABLE 18 Preferred Amine Protecting Groups 2-halo- Protecting Group¹ Boc CBz Fmoc CBz* Alloc SES Troc Ns DNP 4-Nitro-CBz Boc O O O O O O O O O CBz O R 3 O O R (Troc) R (Ns) R 3 (Fmoc) (DNP) Fmoc O R R R O O 3 3 R (Fmoc) (Fmoc) (Fmoc) (Fmoc) 2-halo-CBz² O 3 R O O R (Troc) R (Ns) R 3 (Fmoc) (DNP) Alloc O O R R O O O O R (Alloc) (Fmoc) (Fmoc) Me₃SiEtSO₂ O O O O O O O O O (SES) Troc O R (Troc) O R (Troc) O O O O R (Troc) o-NO₂PhSO₂ (Ns) O R (Ns) 3 R (Ns) O O O 3 O 2,4- O R (DNP) 3 R (DNP) O O O 3 O dinitrobenzene- sulfonyl (DNP) 4-Nitro-CBz O 3 R 3 R (Alloc) O R (Troc) O O (Fmoc) Notes: ¹The combinations of the protecting groups listed in the first column of the table with the protecting groups listed across the top row of the table are defined as being either “resolvable” (R) or “orthogonal” (O). When a combination is deemed “resolvable”, the protecting group in parentheses denotes the group which should be removed first. ²Refers to 2-chloro-CBz and 2-bromo-CBz. ³Combination neither resolvable nor orthogonal.

The process for synthesis of the compound including a dendritic motif according to the present invention may include the removal of one or more surface amine protecting groups to provide one or more reactive amine groups. These reactive amine groups are then reacted with a carbonyl moiety. In an example using lysine or a lysine analogue, the carboxylate moiety of the functional moiety precursor will either be activated for amide bond formation either prior to the reaction or in situ.

Both the carboxylate group and the reactable amine groups may be derivatised to enhance or diminish the reactivity of these groups. For example the carboxylate group may be activated as in an acyl halide derivative or an activated ester derivative (The Peptides, Analysis, Synthesis and Biology Vol 1 Major Methods of Peptide Bond Formation; Academic Press New York 1979 eds Gross, E. and Meienhofer, J., Peptides: Chemistry and Biology. Wiley-VCH Weinheim 2002, Sewald, N. and Jakubke, H-D., The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994, Jones, J.), and the reactable amine groups may be protected (deactivated) using amine-protecting groups such as Boc, CBz, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbamate (4-NO₂—CBz) Fmoc, Dde, CF₃CO₂, 2-halo-CBz, Alloc, Me₃SiEtSO₂, Troc, o-NO-₂PhSO₂ and 2,4-dinitrobenzene-sulfonyl.groups.CBz.

In general, a free carboxylate group is not sufficiently reactive to react with an amine to form the amide bond, so some means is preferably provided that facilitates the dehydration and so drives the reaction to completion. This may be achieved, for example, by utilising one of two related methods.

In the first activation method, the reagent which contains the carboxylic acid is reacted with a second reagent containing a hydroxyl moiety in the presence of a dehydrating reagent and, where required, other activating agents, to provide a product in which the acid containing moiety and the hydroxyl containing moiety are joined by an ester bond. This product is known as an “active ester”. The reagent containing the hydroxyl moiety is chosen such that the product ester will readily react with primary amines to form amides with liberation of the aforementioned reagent containing the hydroxyl moiety. In some cases, the active ester is sufficiently stable to enable it to be isolated, purified and stored prior to use.

Preferred reagents containing the hydroxy moiety are: p-nitrophenol (and other nitro phenol derivatives); N-hydroxysuccinimide; pentafluorophenol and trifluorophenol. A more complete list is provided in Sewald page 197. Preferred dehydrating agents are dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC).

In a second activation method, the reagent which contains the carboxylate group may be reacted “in situ” with an activating agent to form an acyl species which further reacts with primary amines also present “in situ” or added after an appropriate prior activation time to lead to the formation of the required amide bond. Preferred activating agents are (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU). Ancillary reagents like 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) may be required to facilitate this reaction, for example through the formation of activated intermediates which are known to react further with amines to form amide bonds.

Any compound containing one or more reactive amines may be reacted with an activated apex carboxylate of either a building unit or a dendritic motif to provide a macromolecule. The reactable amines of the building unit or dendritic motif need to be prevented from reacting with the activated apex carboxylate either through appropriate use of amine protecting groups, or through prior reaction with a functional moiety. The functional moiety needs to be inert to the reactive amine-activated apex carboxylate reaction.

Any compound containing one or more reactive amines may be reacted with an activated dendritic motif to provide a macromolecule.

In one embodiment, the process for the preparation of the compound including at least one dendritic motif may optionally include the protection of a selected carboxylate group prior to removal of protecting groups on surface amines present on the lysine or lysine analogue backbone. The protecting group used for the protected carboxylate group is preferably stable to the conditions required to remove the protecting groups present on the surface amines. Carboxylate protecting groups such as methyl or more preferably ethyl esters are suitable. Illustrative carboxylate protecting groups may be sourced in the following references: Protective groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1999, Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., Protecting Groups 3rd Edition, Thieme Stuttgart 2004, Kocienski, P. J.

Where the synthesis of the compound including at least one dendritic motif requires a further deprotection step subsequent to the addition of a functional moiety that is not a protecting group, it is important to take the stability of this functional moiety toward subsequent reactions into consideration. In a preferred sequence of functional moiety additions, the second functional moiety, which is selected, for example, to modify the pharmacokinetics of the pharmaceutically active agent and/or macromolecule, is added first to the lysine or lysine analogue backbone. Accordingly, a non-protecting group functional moiety may be activated and reacted with an amine group on the building compound that has been deprotected. The building compound-functional moiety may then be reacted with a further building unit that is preferably already attached to a growing macromolecule, i.e., non-protecting functional moiety reacted with building compound then reacted with building compound on growing macromolecule. Furthermore, in those situations where the pharmaceutically active agent is to be attached to the lysine or lysine analogue backbone via a labile linker (see below), it may be necessary to activate the selected carboxylate of the building compound prior to the reaction of the unprotected surface amine groups of the lysine or lysine analogue backbone, and furthermore where the selected carboxylate of the lysine or lysine analogue backbone is unprotected it will be necessary for the carboxylate group of the pharmaceutically active agent-linker moiety to be activated prior to the presence of the unprotected surface amine groups.

The process for synthesising a macromolecule of the present invention is then continued by the reaction of unprotected amines of a growing macromolecule with the compound including at least one dendritic motif, or individual building compounds. The carboxylate moieties will either be activated for amide bond formation either prior to the reaction or in situ. In a preferred method, the carboxylate moiety is activated in situ. This method is preferred and it is possible, through the inclusion of water or other hydroxyl donors, to limit the adventitious formation of ester bonds to the macromolecule where unmasked hydroxyl moieties are present on either the growing macromolecule core or compound Including at least one dendritic motif or individual building compounds.

In one embodiment, the compound including at least one dendritic motif or individual building compounds may be attached to the growing macromolecule via a linker moiety.

A process for synthesising macromolecules of this invention may include the reaction of unprotected amines of a growing macromolecule with linker moieties. The carbonyl group of the linker is activated for amide bond formation either prior to the reaction or in situ. If the linker group includes a reactable amine then it is protected. Furthermore, the reaction between unprotected amines of the growing macromolecule and the activated linkers is carried out in such a way as to ensure that the unprotected amines are completely reacted with the activated group, typically by using the activated group in excess.

An example of this approach may be seen in FIG. 16, wherein PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂, the reactive building compound, reactable nitrogens are protected with the Boc group, and the carboxylate is activated as a para-nitrophenol ester.

Accordingly, in an alternative embodiment of the present invention there is provided a process for preparing a macromolecule having controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including the steps of:

-   -   (i) providing         -   a growing macromolecule including a first reactable group,             at least one of which bears a first functional moiety being             a protecting group; and         -   a linker including a carbonyl group and a reactable group;     -   (ii) activating the carbonyl group on the linker;     -   (iii) activating the first reactable group on the growing         macromolecule; and     -   (iv) reacting the deprotected growing macromolecule with the         activated carbonyl group on the linker.

The process may then further include the steps of:

-   -   (v) providing a compound including at least one dendritic motif         bearing at least two functional moieties, the motif having a         surface layer and at least one sub-surface layer, and having a         hydrocarbon backbone and bearing an apex carbonyl group;     -   (vi) activating the carbonyl group of the dendritic motif;     -   (vii) activating the reactable group of the linker; and     -   (viii) reacting the activated carbonyl group and linker, either         before or after step (iv) of the process above.

In one embodiment the reactable group of the linker is a reactable amine that is protected, and the activating step involves deprotecting the linker using suitable conditions as have been discussed herein.

In yet another embodiment, the growing macromolecule may be reacted with an end-stopping functional moiety, optionally on a linker bearing the end-stopping functional moiety. The end-stopping functional moiety may also be activated for amide bond formation either prior to the reaction or in situ.

The macromolecule of the present invention may include a unique point of attachment for either of the first or second functional moiety. In this way, a macromolecule may be synthesised with a single first or second functional moiety.

In an alternative embodiment the macromolecule of the present invention may include a selected single point of attachment for either the first or second functional moiety.

There are general methods described in the art for the selective mono-protection of polyamine molecules. Such methods are described in Krapcho and Kuell Synthetic Commun. 1990 20 2559. In a preferred method macromolecules with a unique point of attachment are prepared from a di- or tri-valent core wherein only one of the reactive amine groups is protected, and with a protecting group that is inert, or orthogonal, to the conditions that are used to remove other amine protecting groups during the process by which a macromolecule is constructed. It is then possible to conduct the iterative cycles of condensation and amine deprotection, to build a macromolecule of 1 to 6 generations, more preferably 3 to 5 generations, and in which there exists a single surface amine group that is distinguished from the other surface amine groups by its unique amine protecting group. This unique surface amine group represents a site at which a single selected molecule, e.g. a protein or peptide, a pharmaceutically active agent, a signalling moiety, an anchoring moiety or a targeting molecule may be attached to the macromolecule.

In a preferred form of this embodiment, there is provided a macromolecule having a controlled surface group composition, the macromolecule including a surface layer, at least one subsurface layer and at least two functional moieties including

-   -   a first functional moiety attached to a single selected point of         attachment on the macromolecule; and     -   a second functional moiety group;         wherein functional moiety composition refers to the number and         type of functional moieties.

In a preferred method, the protecting group of the unique surface amine group is removed, and the surface amine group is reacted with a haloacetic acid derivative, or a maleimide derivative such as 3-maleimidopropionic acid or 4-maleimidobutyric acid under conditions where the amide bond is formed. General methods for the coupling of thiol containing peptides and proteins to such thiol active groups are described in Hermanson, G. T. Bioconjugate Techniques (Academic Press 1996) and the references cited therein, Blatter et al, Biochem., 24: 1517 (1985) and Jue et al, Biochem., 17:5399 (1978).

Computer Modelling

In addition to the couplet, quartet, octet, and 16-tet notation used to describe each different topological isomer, the macromolecules may be represented graphically.

Computer simulation of the macromolecules may be used to illustrate the distribution of functional moieties, and the three-dimensional structure adopted by the macromolecule. Such an illustration helps to demonstrate the differences that exist between different topological isomers of macromolecules which have the same surface group stoichiometry.

The molecular modelling of a set (see Table 19) of asymmetric macromolecules which were constructed entirely from asymmetric lysine building units is described in Example 65.

Each of asymmetric sets contained the following topological isomers:

TABLE 19 Topological Isomers used in Example 65 Macromolecule Topological description Type 1: 16-tet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 2: Octet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 3: Quartet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 4: Couplet cluster ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 5: No cluster ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

In general, simulation of the macromolecules of Example 65 exhibited significantly different distributions of functional moieties A and B dependent on the topological isomer.

TABLE 20 Means and standard deviations of A-B distances and their variation with Cluster Pattern. Mean A-B distance Standard Deviation of A-B Cluster Pattern (Å) distance (Å) Type 1 23.16 7.57 Type 2 20.81 7.09 Type 3 20.83 7.42 Type 4 20.62 7.38 Type 5 20.14 7.88

FIG. 18 shows the distribution of all functional-moiety-functional moiety distances. The most significant difference is between the Type 1 clustering where the Functional Moieties are clustered in 16-tets; and Type 5 where there is no clustering. These topological isomers are graphically depicted in FIGS. 16 and 17.

In cases where the end groups possess different electrostatic charges, a division of the dendrimer into distinct regions will result in a polarised dendrimer molecule. This may be measured by calculating the distances between the centres of charge of the various functional moiety/functional moieties. The results of these calculations are depicted in FIG. 19, it can be seen from this graph that Clustering at the level of 16-tet and octet provides a significantly larger distance between the centre of mass of the different Functional Moieties than does smaller clustering topologies.

Applications of the Macromolecules

Depending on the macromolecule and the functional moieties on the building unit or surface building unit, the macromolecules may have a large number of prophylactic and/or therapeutic uses, particularly when formulated as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition including a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including

-   -   at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from         at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface         layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface         building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone         bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and     -   at least two different functional moieties on the building unit         and/or surface building unit;         where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and         type of functional moieties; and a pharmaceutically acceptable         carrier, or excipient.

In one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the macromolecule has a controlled topology, wherein topology refers to the relationship between the functional moieties.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients may be selected from any known carriers or excipients depending on the delivery route selected for the active.

The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for oral, injectable, rectal, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or other delivery. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in tablet, capsule, caplet, injectable ampoule vial, or ready-to-use solution, lyophilised material, suppository, bolus or implant form.

The macromolecules and compositions of the present invention are suitable for administration in any suitable manner, e.g. parenteral (including intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneous), orally, intraperitoneally, topically (skin), buccal, vaginally, rectally, to the surface of the skin, transdermal (slow release preparation), into the joint space, intranasally, by aerosol, by pulmonary administration, and directly to a body part.

It is especially advantageous to formulate the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention in unit dosage form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The specifications for the dosage unit forms of the present invention may be determined by a person skilled in the art depending on, for example (a) the unique characteristics of the active ingredient and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active ingredient for the particular treatment.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for oral administration may conveniently be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution, a suspension or as an emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste. Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, or wetting agents. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art. Oral liquid preparations may for example be in the form of aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles, which may include edible oils, or preservatives.

The macromolecule according to the present invention may also be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, for example bolus injection, or continuous infusion, and may be presented in unit dosage form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulating agents such as suspending, stabilising and/or dispersing agents.

Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilisation from solution, for constitution with a suitable vehicle, eg. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

For topical administration to the epidermis, the macromolecule according to the invention may be formulated as an ointment, cream or lotion, or as a transdermal patch.

Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base, and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilising agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or colouring agents.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active ingredient in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and gum acacia or gum tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin or sucrose and gum acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid are most preferably presented as unit dosage suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art, and the suppositories may be conveniently formed by admixture of the macromolecule with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping moulds.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

For administration to the respiratory tract, including intranasal administration, the macromolecule according to the present invention may be administered by any of the methods and formulations employed in the art for administration to the respiratory tract.

Thus in general the macromolecule according to the present invention may be administered in the form of a solution or a suspension or as a dry powder.

Solutions and suspensions will generally be aqueous, for example prepared from water alone (for example sterile or pyrogen-free water) or water and a physiologically acceptable co-solvent (for example ethanol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols such as PEG 400).

Such solutions or suspensions may additionally contain other excipients for example preservatives (such as benzalkonium chloride), solubilising agents/surfactants such as polysorbates (eg. Tween 80, Span 80, benzalkonium chloride), buffering agents, isotonicity-adjusting agents (for example sodium chloride), absorption enhancers and viscosity enhancers. Suspensions may additionally contain suspending agents (for example microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium).

Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray. The formulations may be provided in single or multidose form. In the latter case a means of dose metering is desirably provided. In the case of a dropper or pipette this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomising spray pump Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means of an aerosol formulation in which the macromolecule according to the present invention is provided in a pressurised pack with a suitable propellant, such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), for example dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. More preferably the propellant is an HCFC such as R134a or R125. The aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin. The dose of drug may be controlled by provision of a metered valve.

Alternatively the macromolecule according to the present invention may be provided in the form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the macromolecule according to the present invention in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose-14 and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP). Conveniently the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity. The powder composition may be presented in unit dosage form, for example in capsules or cartridges of eg. gelatin, or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.

Compositions of the present invention may also be used in combination with existing and accepted therapeutic approaches as adjuvant therapy. For example, they may be used with antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs or antifungal drugs. In rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions, Behcet's disease, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, they may be used with steroids and disease modifying drugs such as methotrexate or disease modifying therapeutic antibodies. In the treatment of organ transplant rejection, and in graft versus host disease, they may be used with steroids and/or cyclosporine and/or FK506 and/or azathioprine and/or tacrolimus and/or sirolimus and/or basiliximab and/or daclizumab.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and/or excipients include conventional solvents, dispersion media, fillers, solid carriers, aqueous solutions, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic, and absorption enhancing or delaying agents, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art, and it is described, by way of example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Pennsylvania, USA, the relevant disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, use thereof in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients may also be incorporated into the composition.

The pharmaceutical composition may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing the active component into association with a carrier, diluent or excipient, which may include one or more accessory excipients. For example, the composition may be prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active component into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

The macromolecule of the present invention may be administered in prophylactically or therapeutically effective amounts. A prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount means that amount necessary to at least partly attain the desired effect, or to delay the onset of, inhibit the progression of, or halt altogether, the onset or progression of the particular condition being treated. Such amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition and individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size, weight and concurrent treatment. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is preferred generally that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgement. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a lower dose or tolerable dose may be administered for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.

Generally, daily doses of the macromolecule may be from about 0.01 mg/kg per day to 1000 mg/kg per day. Small doses (0.01-1 mg) may be administered initially, followed by increasing doses up to about 1000 mg/kg per day. In the event that the response in a subject is insufficient at such doses, even higher doses (or effective higher doses by a different, more localised delivery route) may be employed to the extent patient tolerance permits. Multiple doses per day are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds.

In a further preferred embodiment, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients may be selected from one or more of sterile aqueous salt solutions, suspensions and emulsions, including saline and buffered media, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, and lactated Ringer's solution. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. For administration by non-intravenous routes, the carrier can be in the form of clotted plasma, preferably the patient's clotted plasma. Alternatively the carrier can be a plasma-free, physiologically compatible, biodegradable solid or semi-solid, such as a gel, suspension or water soluble jelly. Acacia, methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate and tragacanth suspensions or gels are suitable for use as carriers in the practice of this invention, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose 2.5%, tragacanth 1.25% and guar gum 0.5%.

A number of non-limiting applications for the macromolecules according to the present invention may be illustrated as follows:

1. Anti-Sexually Transmitted Microbial Macromolecule

In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a macromolecule, having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit, at least one of the functional moieties bearing an aromatic or heterocyclic sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxyl or carbonyl residue, or derivative thereof, and exhibiting an enrichment in a selected functional moiety stoichiometry, where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties.

International patent application no PCT/AU02/00407 (WO 02/079299), to applicants, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, discloses a class of dendrimers (highly branched macromolecules with a defined envelope of polyanionic or cationic surface groups) which have been shown to exhibit a range of antiviral and antimicrobial activity with minimal toxicity. These macromolecules act to prevent infection of cells of the host organism by interfering with the binding of the infectious microbe to the host.

Despite these advances in the art, difficulties remain in respect of the potency of these macromolecules, in particular with regard to the differences in potency between in vitro test systems and in vivo test systems. These macromolecules are primarily formulated as compositions with a single functional moiety on the surface.

The presentation of a multiplicity of functional moieties on the surface of a macromolecule with control over topology and stoichiometry of the different functional moieties is made possible through the application of this invention. In a preferred embodiment the first functional moiety is an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety which includes at least one and preferably two anionic residues per functional moiety. The role of the second functional moiety is to provide a second mechanism by which the macromolecule may bind to the targets through which the microbial infection is mediated, and antimicrobial efficacy is achieved when this binding is enhanced. In a preferred embodiment of this invention the second functional moiety has lipophilic properties.

For example, the macromolecule according to this aspect of the present invention may be useful in the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of STI's including one or more of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses-I and II (HIV), Herpes Simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis Viruses A, B, C & D, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Calymmato bacterium granulomatis, Haemophilus Ducreyi, Sarcoptes scabiei, Phthirus pubis, Mycoplasma, Gardnerella vaginalis, and other microbial pathogens.

The macromolecule according to the present invention may exhibit significant in vivo efficacy, improved toxicity and pharmacokinetics relative to the prior art.

In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a composition for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of sexually transmitted infections which includes a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including

-   -   at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from         at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface         layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface         building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone         bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and     -   at least two different functional moieties on the building unit         and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety         stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional         moieties; and         optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

An example of such a macromolecule is BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ which is described in Example antimicrobial 9 and is illustrated in FIG. 11.

Desirably, the second functional moiety(s) may be selected from one or more of the following: alkyl moieties of C1 to C20 either branched or straight chain, cycloalkyl ring systems such as cyclohexyl, decalin, and the various steroid scaffolds including cholic acids and deoxycholic acids, benzyl, naphthyl, thiophenes or other polycyclic aromatic moieties; pyridines, quinolines and isoquinolines, pyrroles and indoles, imidazoles, oxazoles, pyrazoles, pyridazines, pyrimidines and quinazolines, pyrazines and quinoxalines; all optionally further substituted with amine, hydroxyl alkyl or halo moieties where such substitution does not lead to a chemically labile material.

A hydrophobic group, such as an alkyl C1 to C10, ring systems such as cyclohexyl, and the various steroid scaffolds including cholic acids and deoxycholic acids, benzyl, pyridine or imidazole is preferred.

In a further preferred embodiment, the macromolecules are enriched in a relative stoichiometry of the anionic functional moiety to the hydrophobic functional moiety in the range from 63:1 through to 16:48, more preferably the relative stoichiometry is in the range of 60:4 through to 1:1.

In a further preferred embodiment, the macromolecules may be selected from a preparation of macromolecules enriched in topologies selected from: anionic moieties clustered at the level of couplets or quartets or octets or couplets of the form (AB) where A is an anionic functional moiety and B is a hydrophobic moiety.

The second functional moiety may be directly connected to the macromolecule or may be connected to the macromolecule by a non-cleavable linker.

In a preferred aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a macromolecule of the formula:

Core[Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moiety]_(p)

wherein:

the Core is selected from the group consisting of lysine, or a derivative thereof, a diaminoalkane compound, or a trialkyltetramine compound to which the first layer of building units (below) is added;

the Building Unit is selected from lysine or lysine analogue; the Surface Building Unit, which may be the same as, or different to that of the building unit is selected from lysine or lysine analogue; the Functional moieties include two or more different groups, a first functional moiety having the structure of one or more of the following:

-   -   wherein W represents a functional group attached to a surface         amine of the macromolecule and is selected from C(O) or S(O)2         and;     -   a second functional moiety selected from one or more of the         group consisting of property modifiers; alkyl moieties of C1 to         C20 either branched or straight chain, cycloalkyl ring systems         such as cyclohexyl, decalin, and the various steroid scaffolds         including cholic acids and deoxycholic acids, benzyl, naphthyl,         thiophenes or other polycyclic aromatic moieties; pyridines,         quinolines and isoquinolines, pyrroles and indoles, imidazoles,         oxazoles, pyrazoles, pyridazines, pyrimidines and quinazolines,         pyrazines and quinoxalines; all optionally further substituted         with amine, hydroxyl alkyl or halo moieties where such         substitution does not lead to a chemically labile material;         m represents the sum of building units of the subsurface layers         of the macromolecule and is an integer between 1 to 64;         n represents the number of surface building units with surface         layer(s) of the macromolecule and is an integer between 2 and         64;         p represents the number of functional moieties on the surface         layer of building units and is an integer between 0 to 64.

The macromolecule, or precursor therefor may be selected from the following

-   BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₁]₄ -   BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₁]₄ [ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ -   BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CO-4-PhSO₃Na]₄ [ε-Hexyl]₄ -   DAH [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₁]₈ -   BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ -   BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ -   DAH [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₁]₈ -   BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ -   BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ -   BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ -   BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ -   BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂     [ε,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ -   BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂     [α,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂ -   BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄     [ε,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ -   BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO3Na)₂]₄     [α,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ -   BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO3Na)₂]₆ -   BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ -   BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ -   BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂

The macromolecule may be utilised in a composition for use method for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of sexually transmitted infections including administering to a mammalian patient an effective amount of the composition as described above. The anti-sexually transmitted microbial macromolecule may also be used in a composition for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a sexually transmitted infection in a mammalian patient. Preferably the mammal is a human.

2. Drug Sustenance Macromolecule

A macromolecule according to the present invention may serve as an improved drug delivery platform with defined pharmacokinetics and release profiles.

Many drugs fail in clinical trials either because their physical properties (particularly solubility) make them difficult to formulate; or because of a poor therapeutic index that leads to toxic effects during the high drug concentrations that occur just after dosing.

There are many emerging technologies which seek to provide a drug delivery vehicle which will act to overcome poor drug solubility by capturing the drug in some kind of soluble matrix or particle; and reduce toxicity through controlled release or targeting drug to the site of disease prior to release.

We have demonstrated that it is possible to control the pharmacokinetics of a macromolecule by manipulation of the surface PEG group size. In the macromolecule of FIG. 15 the drug of interest is covalently attached to the macromolecule through a linker that cleaves in a manner consistent with the disease treatment (i.e. either hydrolyses slowly in plasma or is cleaved specifically at the disease site).

In a preferred embodiment, the macromolecule according to the present invention includes one or more different pharmaceutically active agents, derivatives thereof, precursors therefore, or residues thereof, as functional moieties. The macromolecules according to this aspect of the present invention may have application in combination therapy.

The pharmaceutically active agent may be an anti-tumor agent selected from one or more of the following:

rituximab, oxaliplatin, docetaxel, gemcitabine, trastuzumab, irinotecan, paclitaxel, bevacizumab, carboplatin, cetuximab, doxorubicin, pemetrexed, epirubicin, bortezomib, topotecan, azacitidine, vinorelbine, mitoxantrone, fludarabine, doxorubicin, alemtuzumab, carmustine, ifosfamide, idarubicin, mitomycin, fluorouracil, cisplatin, methotrexate, melphalan, arsenic, denileukin diftitox, cytarabine, calcium levofolinate, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, viscum album, mesna, gemtuzumab, ozogamicin, busulfan, pentostatin, cladribine, bleomycin, daunorubicin, bendamustine, dacarbazine, raltitrexed, vincristine, fotemustine, etoposide phosphate, porfimer sodium and vinblastine.

The pharmaceutically active agents may be a combination of any one or more of the categories exemplified in Table 1A or B, and/or anti-tumor agents listed above.

Exemplary combinations include, but are not limited to, combinations of: chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals; anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals and anti-arthritic pharmaceuticals; obesity therapeutics and diabetes therapeutics; growth hormones and growth promoters; muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatories; respiratory pharmaceuticals and bronchodilators or anti-microbials; chemotherapeutics and vitamins and the like.

3. Anti-Inflammatory Macromolecule

An inflammatory response is produced in response to infection, immune responses and trauma. The various cellular processes involved in the inflammation response provide targets for potential anti-inflammatory therapies. The most commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Most NSAIDS act as non-selective inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), meaning that both COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms of the enzyme are targeted. However a subset of NSAIDs selectively target COX-2. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act by binding to cortisol receptors.

Protein binding to cell surface carbohydrates is a key trigger of the inflammatory response. Therefore, receptor-ligand interactions between carbohydrates and proteins are also a potential mechanism to be targeted in the modification of the inflammatory response.

Treatments to inhibit an inflammatory response are often limited by the inability to target the area of inflammation with a high enough concentration of an anti-inflammatory drug and/or the low water solubility of the anti-inflammatory drug. Other short comings include poor absorption, poor bioavailability, instability, systemic side effects due to an inability to target the drugs, and the inability to control their biodistribution, metabolism and renal or hepatic clearance once administered. Furthermore the therapeutic profile of many anti-inflammatory drugs already on the market could be improved by providing formulations with better bioavailability, targeting etc.

It would be useful to be able to provide anti-inflammatory agents desirably in a form with reduced toxicity and/or improved targeting to the site of action and/or improved bioavailability.

Accordingly, the macromolecule of the present invention may be used as delivery vehicles for inflammatory response-modulating agents, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or carbohydrates. Such macromolecules have the potential to provide multivalent delivery systems for agents that have a potential anti-inflammatory function, due to the ability of single or multiple agents to participate in polyvalent interactions with, for example, cell surface receptors. The macromolecule of the present invention also may be used to simultaneously target different aspects of the inflammatory response and related responses by combining two or more active agents in the same delivery vehicle to achieve a faster and more effective treatment.

An example of such a macromolecule is illustrated in FIG. 21; see also Example 66.

The macromolecules of the present invention may include functional moieties that are inflammatory response-modulating agent. These act to inhibit the production of proinflammatory chemokines and/or cytokines, or may inhibit the action of a second messenger involved in the inflammatory response, such as a prostaglandin. Suitable inhibitors of prostaglandin include non-selective and selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. The inflammatory response-modulating agent may alternatively act by inhibiting phospholipid metabolism and suppressing the immune response or by inhibiting the receptor-mediated synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and/or chemokines.

The inflammatory response-modulating agent may be a steroid; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; an agent that modulates cell-surface receptor-ligand interactions or other agent capable of modulating cellular activities responsible for the inflammatory response. For example, the inflammatory response-modulating agent may be a saccharide or oligosaccharide containing carbohydrate moieties selected from:

glucosamine, sialic acid, mannose, furanose, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid, galactose; or analogues or O- or N-sulfated derivatives thereof.

Further examples of inflammatory response-modulating agents that may be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to the following:

diclofenac; diflunisal; etodolac; fenoprofen; floctafenine; flurbiprofen; ibuprofen; indomethacin; ketoprofen; meclofenamate; menamic acid; molicam; nabumentone; naproxen; oxaprozin; phenylbutazone; piroxicam; sulindac; tenoxicam; tiaprofenic acid; tolmetin; celecoxib; valdecoxib; rofecoxib; glucosamine; glucocorticoids; and corticosteroids, such as beclomethasone, budesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone and hydrocortisone.

The macromolecule may be modified to include a second functional moiety. The second moiety may be capable of modulating an inflammatory response. Alternatively, the second moiety may have a complementary therapeutic or prophylactic activity, or may modify the characteristics of the macromolecule by providing, for example, targeting of the macromolecule, increased plasma half life, or reduced toxicity.

Scar formation following injury or surgery results from a combination of an inflammatory response and an angiogenesis response that promotes fibroblast proliferation. Using a combination of an anti-inflammatory agent together with an anti-angiogenesis agent as terminus groups in the macromolecule according to the present invention may allow the simultaneous targeting of both mechanisms responsible for scar formation. An examples of anti-angiogenic agents that may be included as a terminus group is glucosamine-6-sulphate (Shaunak et al., 2004). A further example of a functional moiety having anti-angiogenic function is provided in AU2005905858 (the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference) and is represented as follows:

In a further embodiment, the macromolecule includes a second functional group that targets the macromolecule to a specific cell and/or tissue type. Examples of targeting groups include ligands for cell surface markers specific to particular cell types, for example: Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) such as E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, integrins, chemokine receptors such as CCR3, CXCR1, CXCR3; receptors for cytokine such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-2; receptors for growth factors such as VEGF and FGF; Toll-like receptors; CD40 ligand (TNF superfamily); Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70); Fc receptors such as FcRII; procoagulant molecules such as tissue factor (TF) and platelet glycoproteins such as collagen, fibronectin, von Willebrands factor.

Some embodiments of the invention will now be described more fully with reference to the following non-limiting examples and figures:

In the figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a lysine macromolecule according to a preferred embodiment of the invention with a lysine benzylhydrylamide divalent core, and three layers of building units. Cleavage of the linkage L shown provides dendritic motif F1.2, which is a 3 layer lysine dendritic motif (note the eight bold N moieties represent the surface amines). The apex carbonyl moiety is now at L. R can either be a functional moiety that is a protecting group or any other type of functional moiety. Another form of this dendritic motif is described in F1.3 wherein the apex carbonyl is in the form of a carboxylate moiety is described in full: such a motif may be prepared and used as part of the embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a selected topological isomer of a lysine dendritic macromolecule according to a preferred embodiment of the invention having four layers of building units from the ethylenediamine core, and bearing a total of 32 functional moieties A and B in a ratio of 1:1. A, B represent two different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties. Bold bonds indicate the outermost building unit to which all the encircled functional moieties are connected, and the functional moieties of the circled dendritic motif are underlined in the nomenclature. Further note in 2.1. the arrow to indicate the origin, and reading frame, that is used to generate the alpha-numeric topological nomenclature discussed in the text. 2.1 use of couplets; 2.2 use of quartets; 2.3 use of octets; 2.4 use of 16-tets. building units (Lysine analogues): F2.5 Core; F2.6 subsurface building unit; F2.7 surface building unit bearing functional moieties (AA); and F2.8 (BB).

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers of lysine dendritic macromolecules according to a preferred embodiment of the invention having four layers of building units from the ethylenediamine core and bearing a total of 32 functional moieties A and B in a ratio of 1:1. A, B represent two different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties. The topological isomers are defined using nomenclature described in the text at the level of 16-tet building units (Lysine analogues): Topological equivalence of F3.6 and F3.7 asymmetric lysine surface units bearing functional moieties (AB) and symmetric lysine building unit F3.8.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of equivalent topological isomers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention of three layers of lysine or lysine analogue building units from the apex F having a 1:1 surface stoichiometric ratio of A and B. A, B represent two different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties and F represents the carbonyl moiety at the apex. Each representation differs by a 180° rotation of the indicated inter-building unit bond. F4.4 is a representation of a dendritic motif with asymmetric building units. Such a structure is simplified by “symmetrising” the building unit prior to undertaking the bond rotation analysis.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers of lysine dendritic macromolecules according to a preferred embodiment of the invention having four layers of building units from the ethylenediamine core and bearing a total of 32 functional moieties A, B and D in a ratio of 2:1:1. The topological isomers are defined using nomenclature described in the text at the level of 16-tet.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention of lysine variegated dendritic macromolecules of four layers from the ethylenediamine core in which linkers have been used. A and B represent two different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties and Ø is the null symbol used to represent functional moieties lost from an ideal FM_(MAX) due to linkers replacing building units. F6.1 use of couplets and the dendritic macromolecule in which FM_(total)=FM_(MAX); F6.2 use of quartets with linkers replacing surface building units; F6.3 use of octets and linkers replacing surface-but-one building units; F6.4 use of 16-tets and linkers replacing surface-but-two building units. Rectangles highlight functional moieties as Ø lost due to use of linkers. F6.5 internal linker.

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention of lysine variegated dendritic macromolecules of four layers from the ethylenediamine core in which linkers have been used. A, B and D represent three different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties. The topological isomers are defined using nomenclature described in the text at the level of 16-tet. F7.1 shows a variegated dendritic macromolecule in which linkers replace surface building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 8A:16B:4D; F7.2 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which linkers replace surface-but-one building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 8A:16B; F7.3 a dendritic macromolecule in which linkers replace surface-but-two building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 8A:8B:8D; F7.4 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which a linker replaces a surface-but-three building unit to provide a surface stoichiometry of 12A:8B:4D; F7.5 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which linkers replace both surface-but-two and surface-but-three building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 8B:8A.

FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention of lysine variegated dendritic macromolecules of four layers from the ethylenediamine core in which end stopping functional moieties have been used. A and B represent two different functional moieties that may be protecting groups or other functional moieties and Ø is the null symbol used to represent functional moieties lost from an ideal FM_(MAX) due to an end stopping functional moiety at a subsurface building unit. F8.1 use of couplets and the dendritic motifs in which FM_(total)=FM_(MAX); F8.2 use of quartets with end stopping functional moieties R1 and R2 at surface-but-one building unit; F8.3 use of octets and end stopping functional moieties R1 and R2 at surface-but-two building unit; F8.4 use of 16-tets and end stopping functional moieties at surface-but-three building unit. Rectangles highlight functional moieties as Ø lost due to end stopping. F8.5 Building units bearing end stopping functional moieties.

FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of selected topological isomers according to a preferred embodiment of the invention of lysine variegated dendritic macromolecules of four layers from the ethylenediamine core in which linkers have been used. A and B represent two different functional moieties and R1, R2 represent end stopping functional moieties. The topological isomers are defined using nomenclature described in the text at the level of 16-tet. F9.1 shows a variegated dendritic macromolecule in which end stopping reactions have been used at the surface layer of building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 16R1:16R2; F9.2 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which end stopping reactions have been used at the surface-but-one layer of building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 4R1:16B:8A; F9.3 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which end stopping reactions have been used at the surface-but-two layer of building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 4R1:16B; F9.4 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which end stopping reactions have been used at the surface-but-three layer of building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 2R1:8B:8A; F9.5 shows a dendritic macromolecule in which end stopping reactions have been used at both the surface-but-one and surface-but-two layers of building units to provide a surface stoichiometry of 4R1:4R2:8A.

FIG. 10 is DAH [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ which is described in Example 33. as an anti-sexually transmitted microbial macromolecule according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, with polyanionic surface molecules and lipophilic modifiers having activity against sexually transmitted infections such as HIV.

FIG. 11 is BHALys [Lys]₂ [Su(NPN)₂]₄ [MTX-OtBu]₄ [PEG₂₄]₄ which is described in Example 56, and which is a drug sustenance macromolecule according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, bearing surface PEG groups and to which a drug of interest is covalently attached.

FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of the synthesis of Example 20 (Scheme 1).

In Scheme 1: i. Reaction of BHALys [Boc]₂ with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane; ii. Reaction of BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ with excess PFP-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc and base in DMF; iii. Reaction of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane; iv. Reaction of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ with excess PNPO-Lys-(Boc)₂ and base in DMF; v. Reaction of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ with excess piperidine in DMF.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of the synthesis of Example 18 (Scheme 2). In Scheme 2: i. Reaction of EtOSu[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] with a mixture of TFA and Acetic acid; ii. Reaction of EtOSu[NPN]₂ [NH₂.TFA] [CBz] with PNPOSu[NPN]₂ [Boc]₂ in DMF and TEA; iii. Reaction of EtOSu[NPN]₂ [CBz] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ with ammonium formate and Pd on C in DMF/Water; iv Reaction of EtOSu[NPN]₂ [NH₂] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ with PNPOSu[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] in DMF and TEA provided EtOSu[NPN]₂ [Su[NPN]₂]₂ [CBz] [Boc]₃.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic illustrations of the synthesis of a macromolecule (Example 15) that makes use of a dendritic motif prepared in Example 13.

In Scheme 3: 13.i. Reaction of methyl glycinate with PNPO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-CBz in DMF and TEA; 13.ii. Reaction of MeO-GlyLys [α-Boc] [ε-CBz] with TFA and Acetic acid; 13.iii. Reaction of MeO-GlyLys [α-NH₂.TFA] [ε-CBz] with PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ in DMF and TEA; 13.iv. Reaction of MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ with H₂ and Pd on Carbon in Methanol with TFA; 15.i. Reaction of GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ with PNPO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-CBz in DMF and TEA; 15.ii. Reaction of MeOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz] with NaOH in Methanol/Water to give HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz].

In Scheme 4: 15.ii. Reaction of BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ with HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz], DCC and DMAP in DMF and TEA to give BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂.

FIG. 15A is a graph showing plasma concentration levels over time of various macromolecules identified in Table 6, Example 64.

FIG. 15B is a series of graphs illustrating the correlation between PEG macromolecule half-life and molecular weight, on a linear and logarithmic scale and the correlation between PEG macromolecule molecular weight and a % excreted in urea over time, on a linear and logarithmic scale.

FIG. 16 shows the set of five topological isomers of the asymmetric macromolecule structures in a 2D representation as described in Example 65. The diagrams show the locations of the labelled functional moieties A and B for the five different types of topological isomers that were compared in Example 65.

FIG. 17 provides 3D graphical representations which derive from the computer modelling simulations conducted in Example 65 and demonstrate the distributions of the A and B functional moieties for five types of topological isomers of the macromolecules according to the present invention.

FIG. 18. The distributions of all distances from functional moieties A to functional moieties B, and the variation with clustering type from Example 65: asymmetric building units (see text). Results are shown as the fractional probability, that is, the chance of finding a functional moiety of the different type within 0.5 Å of the indicated distance.

FIG. 19 is a graph of the distances between the centre of mass of the functional moieties A and the centre of mass of the functional moieties A for each of the cluster types from Example 65: asymmetric. The error bars represent ±1 standard deviation.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of the protocol used to obtain an equilibrated macromolecule structure in Example 65.

FIG. 21 is BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄ which is described in Example 66; this is an anti-inflammatory macromolecule according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, bearing surface carbohydrate groups and carboxylate moieties in a 1:1 stoichiometry.

EXAMPLES

The following examples serve to illustrate the invention. The examples are based on lysine building units, but are not limited to such. Examples 1 to 28 are structural examples which demonstrate the synthesis of the macromolecules and dendritic motifs of this invention. Included in the Structural section is a demonstration (Example 28) of the Chromatographic behaviour of different topological isomers which have a common surface group stoichiometry. This example shows that the topological isomers interact with the stationary phase differently, yielding different retention times which are recorded in Table 23.

In the Antimicrobial section, Examples 29 to 50 describe a number of macromolecules with two different functional moieties which have anti-HIV activity. The anti-HIV data is collected in Table 24 of Example 50. Again, a set of comparative data provides evidence that topological isomers with a common surface group stoichiometry can provide different biological activities. It is particularly important to note the potent anti-microbial activity achieved with Examples 46 and 48, which are significantly more active than SPL7013, a homogenous surface dendrimer. This demonstrates the usefulness of being able to provide a macromolecule with controlled stoichiometry/topology that includes two different functional moieties.

In the ADME section, Examples 51 to 64 provide a series of macromolecules with surfaces comprised of both pharmaceutical active agents and modifier compounds. The data provided by Example 64: see Table 25 and FIGS. 15A and 15B, serves to demonstrate how the pharmacokinetic behaviour of macromolecules can be controlled through the appropriate tuning of the type and size of modifying functional moiety used on the surface in conjunction with the pharmaceutically active moiety. An important feature of these macromolecules is the controlled stoichiometry and topology of the pharmaceutically active moiety or residue thereof to surface modifier (PEG).

In the Anti-Inflammatory section, it has been demonstrated by the data provided in Example 73, Table 27 that macromolecules with a homogenous surface of anionic functional moieties, 73.11 and 73.12 have anti-inflammatory activity. It has also been observed that one of the macromolecules, 73.8 with a homogenous surface of the glucosamine moiety: COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc functional moiety has anti-inflammatory activity. It is anticipated that macromolecules which combine anionic functional moieties with functional moieties that include the Glucosamine residue, such as Examples 66 through 71, with defined stoichiometries of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7 of saccharide to anionic functional moiety, will have therapeutic anti-inflammatory activity on the basis that these molecules provide a controlled stoichiometry/topology of the two Functional Moieties which contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of the homogenous surface compounds.

A system of nomenclature has been developed for the purposes of identifying the individual compounds described in this patent. The macromolecule nomenclature makes use of the abbreviations in the following table.

TABLE 21 Macromolecule Nomenclature Abbreviations and Structures Abbreviation Function Name Structure¹ BHALys Core Benzhydrylamidolysine

DAH Core Diaminohexane

EDA Core Ethylenediamine

TETA Core Triethyltetraamine

NEOEOENLys Core

Su(NPN)₂ Building unit

Lys Building unit Lysine

GlyLys Building unit

NH₂•TFA Represents the surface amine groups of the building units, here shown as the TFA salt, and is treated as a “functional moiety” for the purposes of the nomenclature. Glu Surface building unit Glutamate

CO₂H Represents the surface carboxylate groups of the surface building units and is treated as a “functional moiety” for the purposes of the nomenclature. Boc Functional moiety t-butyloxycarbonyl

Fmoc Functional moiety Fluorenylmethoxy- carbonyl

CBz Functional moiety Benzyloxycarbonyl

4-Nitro-CBz Functional moiety 4-Nitro-benzyloxycarbonyl

COCH₂O-3,6- Naph(SO₃Na)₂ Functional moiety 1-carboxy-3,6- naphthyldisulfonic acid di- sodium salt

CO-3,5- Ph(SO₃Na)₂ Functional moiety 1-carboxy-3,5- phenyldisulfonic acid di-sodium salt

CO-4-Ph(SO3Na) Functional moiety 1-carboxy-4- phenylsulfonic acid di-sodium salt CO₂(EtO)₃CH₃ Functional moiety

PEG₂₀₀ Functional moiety

COPEG₁₂ Functional moiety

PEG₁₁₀₀ Functional moiety

PEG_(2KD) Functional moiety

PEG₁₇₁₆ Functional moiety

PEG₂₈₄₅ Functional moiety

PEG₃₉₇₄ Functional moiety

α-tBu-MTX Functional moiety α-t-Butyl-N-[4-[[2,4- diamino-6- pteridinyl)methyl]methyl- amino]benzoyl]-L- glutamate

MTX Functional moiety N-[4-[[2,4-diamino-6- pteridinyl)methyl]methyl- amino]benzoyl]-L- glutamate

COCH₂CH₂CO- Taxol Functional moiety

COCH₃ Functional moiety Acetamide

COC2-α-S-GlcNAc Functional moiety

¹Asterisk indicates amine group bonded as amide to carboxyl group of lysine building unit, surface building unit or functional moiety. Hash indicates carboxyl group bonded as amide to amine of core or building unit

The dendrimer nomenclature in the following examples makes use of the following formula:

Core[Last Complete Layer;Building Unit]_(n)−[functional moiety]_(m)[Incomplete Outer Layer;Building Unit]_(p)[functional moiety]_(q)

Where:

-   -   Core is the molecule to which the lysine building units are         attached and will include at least one amine moiety to which the         first layer of lysine building units is added; where a dendritic         motif is described, the building unit which includes the apex         carboxylate moiety is treated as the core,     -   n is the number of lysine building units on the outermost         complete layer of the macromolecule, p is the number of lysine         building units on the incomplete outer layer of the         macromolecule,     -   m is the number of functional moieties for example         pharmaceutical active moieties or protecting groups, on the         outermost complete layer of building units; q is the number of         functional moieties on the incomplete outer layer of building         units,

Optionally, a functional moiety, with or without building units may be appended to the core; these are then denoted as [functional moiety]_(r) [building unit]_(s) Core [Last Complete Layer; Building Unit]_(n)−[functional moiety]_(m) [Incomplete Outer Layer; Building Unit]_(p) [functional moiety]_(q).

Where:

-   -   r is the number of functional moieties appended, and     -   s is the number of lysine building units on the outer layer of         the motif appended to the core.

These Formulae are able to completely describe the size of a macromolecule through provision of the core and the outer layer(s) since sufficient information is provided about the building units and functional moieties used in the construction of these macromolecule structures and the valency of the core is known.

All lysine macromolecules prepared as the fully Boc protected forms were synthesised and purified according to the procedures described in patent WO95/34595. Removal of the Boc protecting group was conducted according to the procedures described in same patent.

Further chemical abbreviations are listed in Table 22.

TABLE 22 Chemical Names and Abbreviations. Abbreviation Full Name PyBop Benzotriaxole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonuim hexafluorophosphate DMF Dimethylformamide DCM Dichloromethane TFA Trifluoroacetic acid DIPEA Diisopropyl amine TEA triethylamine Ether Diethyl ether EtOAc ethyl acetate DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide can Acetonitrile Rt room temperature Ca Circa Ppt Precipitate HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography MS Mass Spectrometry CE Capillary Electrophoresis PFP-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc Pentafluorophenol active ester of α-Fmoc-ε-Boc-Lysine PFP-Lys-α-Boc-ε-Fmoc Pentafluorophenol active ester of α-Boc-ε-Fmoc-Lysine HO-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc α-Fmoc-ε-Boc-Lysine HO-Lys-α-NH₂-ε-Boc α-NH₂-ε-Boc -Lysine PNPO-Lys-α,ε-(Boc)2 p-Nitrophenol active ester of α,ε-(Boc)₂-Lysine PNPO-Lys(CBz)₂ p-Nitrophenol active ester of α,ε-(CBz)₂-Lysine PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys p-Nitrophenol active ester of α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lysine PNPO-α-CBz-ε-Boc-Lys p-Nitrophenol active ester of α-CBz-ε-Boc-Lysine Abbreviation Full Name Structure BHA Benzhydrylamine

[NPN]₂[Boc][CBz]

HO-Su[NPN]₂[Boc] [CBz]

PNPO-Su[NPN]₂[Boc] [CBz]

[BOC][CBz][NPN]₂SuOEt

[BOC][NH₂][NPN]₂SuOEt

MeO-GlyLys[α-Boc][ε-CBz]

HO-GlyLysα-Boc][ε-CBz]

PNPO-CO₂PEG₃

HO-Lys-α-CO₂PEG₃-κ-Boc

EtO-Su(NPN)₂[Boc [COPEG] PEG₁₂ n = 10 PEG₂₄ n = 22

MTX-60 -OtBu

EtO-Su(NPN)₂[γ-CO- MTX-α-OtBu][COPEG] PEG₁₂ n = 10 PEG₂₄ n = 22

HO-Su(NPN)₂[γ-CO- MTX-α-OtBu][COPEG] PEG₁₂ n = 10 PEG₂₄ n = 22

NHS-COC2-(perAc)-α- S-GlcNAc (−) 2-Carboxyethyl 2- deoxy-2-acetamido- 3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1- thio-β-D- glucopyranoside.

HO-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc (−) 2-carboxyethyl 2- deoxy-2-acetamido-1- thio-α-D- glucopyranoside

HO-COC2CO-2-N-α- OMe-Glc Methyl 2-deoxy-2-[3- (methoxycarbonyl)prop- anamido]-α-D- glucopyranoside

PNPO-COC5-α-S- (perAc)-GlcNAc 5-{8 (4- nitrophenyl)oxy]carbon- yl}pentyl 2-acetamido- 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2- deoxy-1-thio-β-d- glucopyranoside

PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OBn p-Nitrophenol active ester of α-Boc-δ-Bn Glutamate

PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OMe p-Nitrophenol active ester of α-Boc-δ-Me Glutamate PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OFm p-Nitrophenol active ester of α-Boc-δ- Fluorenylmethyl- Glutamate HO-Lys-α-CBz-ε-Alloc Lysine-α-CBz-ε- Allyloxycarbonyl

NHS-COPEG₁₂ N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of MeO—(CH₂CH₂O)₁₁CH₂CH₂CO₂H

HO-COPEG₂₄

NHS-COPEG₂₄

NHSCOPEG₂₃₀₀

α-tBu-γ-MTX-OH α-t-Butyl-N-[4-[[2,4- diamino-6- pteridinyl)methyl]methyl- amino]benzoyl]-L glutamate

Centramate Details:

Pall Filtron Centramate™ 3 gauge system (part # FS011K10) with 3K Centramate Cassette with Omega Membrane—Medium Screen (part #OS003C12). Operating with a back-pressure of 20-30 psi.

NMR Equipment Details:

Bruker 300 UltraShield™ 300 MHz NMR instrument.

HPLC and MS Equipment Details

HPLC—Waters 2795 with 2996 Diode Array Detector (DAD) MS—Waters ZQ4000 with ESI probe, inlet flow split to give around 50 μL/min to the MS.

Mass Spectra data was acquired in negative electrospray ionisation mode. The raw data was deconvoluted using a Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) as implemented in MassLynx software v4.0, supplied by Waters Corporation. The data reported in the experimental details corresponds to the observed value after deconvolution to a theoretical zero charge state.

CE equipment Beckman P/ACE MDQ with diode array detector Capillary is underivatised fused silica, 75 μm i.d.×40 cm to detector

Preparation of: Preparation of BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₃₂ SPL7013

as per International patent application no PCT/AU02/00407 (WO 02/079299).

Structural Examples Example 1 BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-CBz]₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴ 2 Boc 2 CBz

BHALys [NH₂.TFA] (200 mg, 0.371 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2.0 ml) and treated with TEA (258 μl, 1.85 mmol), stirring at ambient temperature and resulting in a clear solution. PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (446 mg, 0.890 mmol) was added in one portion and the reaction mixture immediately turned bright yellow, and after five minutes all solid matter had dissolved. Stirring was continued for 24 h, then the reaction mixture was poured onto iced water and stirred. This suspension was filtered and the resulting solid pellet was rinsed repeatedly with water. The solid pellet was air-dried, resuspended in ACN, filtered and air-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-CBz]₂ (343 mg, 89%) as an off-white solid.

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1037.19 [M+H]+; calculated (C57H77N7O11) 1036.29 g/mol. Rf (min)=13.8.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴ 2 Boc 2 NH₂

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-CBz]₂ (170 mg, 0.164 mmol) was suspended in 9:1 DMF/H₂O (5.0 ml) and ammonium formate (41 mg, 0.656 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 10 min then Pd/C (10% w/w, 87 mg) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The reaction was terminated by filtering off the catalyst and the filter was rinsed with 9:1 DMF/H₂O (5.0 ml). The combined filtrates were pale yellow and clear, and concentrated in vacuo to give a pale yellow syrup. The syrup was treated with water (15 ml) which was removed in vacuo, then freeze-dried in water (10 ml) to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂ as a fine white lyophilate (120 mg, 96%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=882.12 [M+H+TFA]+, 769.08 [M+H]+, 384.66 [M+2H]/2+; calculated (C41H65N7O7) 768.01 g/mol. Rf (min)=15.9.

Example 2 BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂]₄ [ε-Boc]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CBz]₄ [ε-Boc]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc 4 Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 4 CBz

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (501 mg, 0.98 mmol), TEA (0.7 ml, 5.02 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was treated with PNPO-α-CBz-ε-Boc-Lys (1.18 g, 2.35 mmol) following the method described in Example 1.i. The product BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CBz]₄ [ε-Boc]₄ (830 mg, 84%) was obtained as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1009.71 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C107H153N15O23 2017.48 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.58.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄[α-NH₂]₄ [ε-Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 4 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CBz]₄ [ε-Boc]₄ (400 mg, 0.3 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (8 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (203 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (Rt, atmospheric pressure) for 19 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [Lys]₄[α-NH₂]₄ [ε-Boc]₄ (285 mg, 96%) as a light fawn coloured oil.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1481.32 [M+H]+, 741.10 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C75H129N15O15 1480.94 g/mol. Rf (min)=8.40.

Example 3 BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-NH₂]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-CBz]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 4 CBz

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (503 mg, 0.49 mmol), TEA (0.7 ml, 5.02 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was treated with PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (1.18 g, 2.35 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i. The product BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-CBz]₄ (875 mg, 88%) was isolated as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1009.71 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C107H153N15O23 2017.48 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.40.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄[α-Boc]₄ [ε-NH₂]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 4 NH₂

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-CBz]₄ (400 mg, 0.2 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (8 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (205 mg). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 2.ii to give the product BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-NH₂]₄ (288 mg, 98%) as a glassy oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=741.1 [M+2H]/2+, 494.6 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C75H129N15O15 1480.94 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1480.52. Rf (min)=1.04.

Example 4 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH2]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 Boc (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (1.59 mmol), TEA (4.50 ml, 32.30 mmol) and DMF (30 ml) was treated with PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (7.75 g, 15.45 mmol) as a solid. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈t (5.52 g, 87%) as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/3]+m/z=1328; calculated for C207H305N31O47 3979.9; Rf (min)=20.22 mins.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 8 Boc (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 NH₂

BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ (500 mg, 0.126 mmol) was suspended in 9:1 DMF/H₂O (12.5 ml) and ammonium formate (127 mg, 2.01 mmol) and Pd/C (10% w/w, 266 mg) were added. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.ii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ as a fine white lyophilate (155 mg, 42%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=969.83 [M+3H]/3+, 727.67 [M+4H]/4+, 582.39 [M+5H]/5+; calculated (C143H257N31O31) 2906.8 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2906.5. Rf (min)=14.7.

Example 5 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-CBz]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 NH₂ (((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ (1000 mg, 0.251 mmol) was suspended in acetic acid (5.5 ml) and stirred at 0° C. while TFA (5.5 ml) was added drop wise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to Rt and left to stir for 17 h, at which point the reaction mixture was triturated in Ether The resulting suspension was stirred for 10 min, and liquids were removed by centrifugation and decanting. The remaining precipitate was washed by stirring for 10 min with Ether, which was again removed by centrifugation and decanting, then the precipitate was dried in vacuo, dissolved in water and freeze-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ as a white powder (840 mg, 105%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1060.70 [M+3H]/3+, 795.51 [M+4H]/4+, 636.30 [M+5H]/5+; calculated (C167H241N31O31) 3178.95 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3178.0. Rf (min)-19.1.

Example 6 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 Boc (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]B (1.59 mmol), TEA (4.40 ml, 31.57 mmol) and DMF (32 ml) was added PNPO-α-CBz-ε-Boc-Lys (7.69 g, 15.33 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (5.41 g, 85%) as an off-white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA/Speedy Ramp): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/3]+m/z=1328; calculated for C207H305N31O47 3979.9; Rf (min)=12.98 mins

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 8 Boc (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (200 mg, 0.05 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (198 mg). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 2.ii to give the product BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈[ε-Boc]₈ (140 mg, 96%) as a near colourless oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1454.45 [M+2H]/2+, 969.74 [M+3H]/3+, 727.56 [M+4H]/4; calculated C143H257N31O31 2906.80 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2906.68. Rf (min)=1.25.

Example 7 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 NH₂ (((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (20.0 mg, 0.005 mmol) was suspended in acetic acid (109 μl) and stirred in water bath. TFA (109 μl) was added carefully. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 5.i to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CBz]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈ (12.1 mg, 76%) as a white solid.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1060.43 [M+3H]/3+, 795.63 [M+4H]/4+, 636.79 [M+5H]/5+; calculated (C167H241N31O31) 3178.95 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3179.25. Rf (min)=16.6.

Example 8 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su[NPN]₂]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₈ [CBz]₈ i. N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-bromopropylamine

TEA (6.91 g, 68.5 mmol) was added drop wise to an ice-cooled mixture of 3-bromopropylamine.hydrobromide (10.0 g, 45.6 mmol) and N-(Benzyloxycarbonyloxy)-succinimide (11.22 g, 47.9 mmol) in DCM (200 mL). The stirred mixture was allowed to warm to Rt overnight, then washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated, providing 11.43 g (92%) of N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-bromopropylamine, as a pale yellow oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.35 (m, 5H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.89 (br s, 1H), 3.44 (t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.35 (dd, J=12.9, 6.3 Hz, 2H), m (2.06, 2H). LCMS (LC: Hydrophobic/TFA, RT=6.4 min; MS: 294, 296 ([M+NH4]+, 22%), 272, 274 ([M+H]+, 100%).

ii. [NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz]

TEA (17.1 mL, 123.5 mmol) was added drop wise to a stirred mixture of N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-bromopropylamine (11.20 g, 41.2 mmol) and N-Boc diaminopropane (7.16 g, 41.2 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) at Rt. The mixture was heated to 70° C. for one hour, then ca. ⅔rds of the solvent was removed in vacuo. The concentrated DMF mixture was then diluted with water and washed with ether. The DMF/aqueous mixture was then basified (1.0M NaOH), and extracted with ether. The combined ether extracts were then washed with water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to provide 7.13 g (47%) of [NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] as a clear colourless oil.

LCMS (LC: Hydrophobic/TFA, RT=14.0 min; MS: 366 ([M+H]+, 100%), 310 ([M−tBu]+, 94%), 266 ([M−Boc]+, 94%).

iii. HO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry HO—CO (Boc CBz) 1 CO₂H 1 Boc 1 CBz

To a stirred mixture of [NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (6.55 g, 17.9 mmol) in toluene (60 mL) at Rt was added succinic anhydride (1.79 g, 17.9 mmol). The mixture was heated to 70° C. for one hour, then concentrated. The residue was then dissolved in EtOAc/ether (5:1) and washed with NaOH. The base washes were then washed with ether, then acidified (HCl, 1.0 M, 250 mL). The aqueous mixture was then washed with EtOAc (3×250 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated, providing 6.97 g (84%) of HO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] as a colourless viscous oil. 1H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.36 (m, 5H), 5.65 (br s, 1H), 5.08, 5.10 (2s, 2H), 4.74 (br s, 1H), 3.00-3.45 (m, 8H), 2.54-2.72 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.43, 1.45 (2s, 9H). LCMS (LC: hydrophilic/TFA RT=15.0 min; MS: 466 ([M+H]+, 15%), 366 ([M−Boc]+, 100%).

iv. PNPO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry PNPO-CO (Boc CBz) 1 CO-OPNP 1 Boc 1 CBz

To a stirred mixture of 4-nitrophenol (1.91 g, 13.7 mmol) and HO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (6.39 g, 13.7 mmol) in EtOAc (150 mL) at Rt was added DCC (2.97 g, 14.4 mmol), dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL). The mixture was left to stir at Rt overnight, then filtered. The mixture was then washed with K₂CO₃ (1.0 M)/Brine 1:1, brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated, providing 7.80 g of crude material. The crude was then purified by fcc (2% MeOH in DCM), providing 7.07 g (88%) of PNPO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz]. 1H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.24 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.39 (m, 8H), 5.63 (br s, 1H), 5.12 (br s, 1H), 5.09, (s, 2H), 4.95 (br s, 1H), 4.62 (br s, 1H), 2.98-3.48 (m, 8H), 2.86-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.74 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 9H). LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/formate, RT=21.0 min; MS: 604 ([M+NH₄]+, 36%), 587 ([M+H]+, 100%), 531 ([M−tBu]+, 19%), 487 ([M−Boc]+, 12%).

v. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su[NPN]₂]₈ [Boc]₈ [CBz]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 CBz (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz)⁴)((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Boc

To a stirred mixture of PNPO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (564 mg, 0.96 mmol, 9.6 eq.) and BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (200 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (17 mL) was added TEA (0.28 mL, 2.0 mmol, 20.0 eq.). The mixture was stirred at Rt overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue purified by flash chromatography (residue preadsorbed onto silica; impurities eluted with 5% MeOH in DCM, product eluted in 10-15% MeOH) to provide BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su[NPN]₂]₈ [Boc]₈ [CBz]₈ (455 mg, 95%) as a viscous yellow oil.

LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/TFA, RT=17.05 min; MS: (transform) 4660 ([M+H]+, 10%), 4561 ([M−Boc+H]+, 8%), 4460 ([M−2Boc+H]+, 7%), 4360 ([M−3Boc+H]+, 10%), 4260 ([M−4Boc+H]+, 100%).

vi. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su[NPN]₂]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₈ [CBz]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸ 8 CBz (((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz)⁴)((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ 8 NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su[NPN]₂]₈ [Boc]₈ [CBz]₈ (93 mg, 19.9 μmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (2 mL) and cooled. To this stirred mixture was then added TFA (2 mL), drop wise, then the mixture was allowed to warm to Rt. After stirring overnight, the mixture was poured into cold water, then concentrated. The residue was taken up in water and concentrated again (2×), then freeze-dried, providing 103 mg of white solid material (108% if calculate as TFA salt). LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/formic acid, RT=12.57 min; MS: (transform) 3858 ([M+H]+, 100%), 3724 ([M−CBz+H]+, 20%), 3589 ([M−2CBz+H]+, 7%).

Example 9 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-NH₂]₁₆ i. BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 Boc (((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴((Boc CBz)(Boc CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16 Boc 16 CBz

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ (0.81 mmol), TEA (4.50 ml, 32.30 mmol) and DMF (30 ml) was added PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (7.94 g, 15.83 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to give BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ (5.79 g, 91%) as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/4]+m/z=1977; [M+H/5]+m/z=1582; calculated for C407H609N63O95 7904.9; Rf (min)=23.51 mins.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-NH₂]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 Boc (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 NH₂ (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A suspension of BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ (50 mg, 0.006 mmol), 10% Pd/C (53 mg) and acetic acid (2 ml) was vigorously stirred under hydrogen at Rt for 16 h. The black suspension was filtered. Concentration of the filtrate in vacuo afforded the product (26 mg, 71%) a straw coloured oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/5]+m/z=1152; [M+H/6]+m/z=961; [M+H/7]+m/z=824; [M+H/8]+m/z=721; [M+H/9]+m/z=641; calculated for C279H513N63O63 5758.53; Rf (min)=2.37 mins.

Example 10 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 NH₂ (((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 CBz (((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴((NH₂ CBz)(NH₂ CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ (1000 mg, 0.127 mmol) was suspended in acetic acid (5.5 ml) and stirred at 0° C. while TFA (5.5 ml) was added drop wise. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 5.i to give BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ as a white powder (832 mg, 114%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1576.85 [M+4H]/4+, 1261.34 [M+5H]/5+, 1051.27 [M+6H]/6+, 901.15 [M+7H]/7+; calculated (C327H481N63O63) 6302.83 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=6301.5. Rf (min)=19.0.

Example 11 BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-NH₂]₁₆[ε-Boc]₁₆ i. BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-4-Nitro-CBz]₁₆[ε-Boc]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 16 Boc ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸ (((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 16 4-Nitro-CBz ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸ (((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ (59 mg, 0.015 mmol) and DMF (5 ml) was added pyBOP (248 mg, 0.48 mmol). To this solution was added a mixture of HO-α-4-Nitro-CBz-ε-Boc-Lys (194 mg, 046 mmol), DIPEA (0.35 ml, 2.00 mmol) and DMF (3 ml) at Rt. Stirring was continued for 24 hrs at Rt. After this time, the clear but now brown coloured solution was transferred to a conical flask containing ACN (500 ml). A fine precipitate was observed to have formed which was subsequently collected by filtration. This was allowed to air dry under suction overnight thereby affording the product BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-4-nitro-CBz]₁₆ [ε-Boc]₁₆ (98 mg, 76%) as an orange/brown coloured glass like solid.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂]₁₆ [ε-Boc]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 Boc (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 NH₂ (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-4-nitro-CBz]₁₆ [ε-Boc]₁₆ (10 mg, 0.0012 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (1 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (12 mg). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 2.ii to give the product BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂]₁₆ [ε-Boc]₁₆ (5.4 mg, 81%) as a fawn coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1440.49 [M+4H]/4+, 1152.45 [M+5H]/5+; calculated C279H513N63O63 5758.53 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=5757.88. Rf (min)=8.22.

Example 12 BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-Boc]₁₆[ε-NH₂]₁₆ i. BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-Boc]₁₆[ε-4-nitro-CBz]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 16 Boc ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸ (((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 16 4-Nitro-CBz ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸ (((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ ((Boc 4-Nitro-CBz)(Boc 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ (0.25 g, 0.13 mmol), TEA (0.35 ml, 2.51 mmol) and DMF (4 ml) was added PNPO-α-Boc-ε-4-nitro-CBz-Lys (0.67 g, 1.23 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i and ultimately provided BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-Boc]₁₆[ε-4-nitro-CBz]₁₆ (500 mg, 91%) as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1725.94 [M+5H]/5+; calculated C407H593N79O127 8624.64 g/mol. Rf (min)=8.60.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₁₆[αBoc]₁₆ [ε-NH₂]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 Boc (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸ 16 NH₂ (((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴((Boc NH₂)(Boc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-Boc]₁₆[ε-4-nitro-CBz]₁₆ (103 mg, 0.023 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (106 mg). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 2.ii to give the product BHALys [Lys]₁₆[α-Boc]₁₆ [ε-NH₂]₁₆ (68 mg, 98%) as a fawn coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1152.51 [M+5H]/5+, 960.59 [M+6H]/6+, 823.70 [M+7H]/7+; calculated C279H513N63O63 5758.53 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=5757.94. Rf (min)=7.06.

Example 13 BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-NH₂]₂ [ε,ε-NH₂]₂

Part of this example is described in FIG. 14A (Scheme 3).

i. MeO-GlyLys [α-Boc] [ε-CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO (Boc CBz) 1 CO₂Me 1 Boc 1 CBz

To a magnetically stirred suspension of MeOGly.HCl (12.56 g, 0.11 mol) and DMF (200 ml) was slowly added TEA (42 ml, 0.3 mol) at Rt. The active ester, PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (50.15 g, 0.1 mol), was added to the suspension in 2-3 g portions. The now bright yellow coloured reaction mixture was allowed to stir at Rt for 18 h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was partitioned between EtOAc (200 ml), 10% aq. Na₂CO₃ solution (100 ml) and water (175 ml). The separated organic layer was washed sequentially with 5% aq. Na₂CO₃ (4×200 ml), 0.25M aq. HCl (3×50 ml) and brine (1×50 ml) before being dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give MeO-GlyLys [α-Boc] [ε-CBz] (44.39 g, 98%) of a colourless oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/Formate): ESI (+ve) m/z=452.02 [M+H]+; calculated C22H33N3O7 451.52 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.22.

ii. MeO-GlyLys [α-NH₂.TFA] [ε-CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO (NH₂ CBz) 1 CO₂Me 1 NH₂ 1 CBz

To a chilled (ice water bath) and magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [α-Boc] [ε-CBz] (43.4 g, 96.03 mmol) in acetic acid (150 ml) was added neat TFA in 1 ml portions (total volume of acid added=150 ml). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at Rt for 4 h. After this time, another 20 ml of TFA was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for a further 1 h at Rt. The volatiles were subsequently removed by rotary evaporation. The final traces of acid were removed from the crude product via azeoptroping with methanol (5×200 ml). The product, MeO-GlyLys [α-NH₂.TFA] [ε-CBz] (46.04 g, 103%), was obtained as a pale yellow oil.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/Formate): ESI (+ve) m/z=352 [M+H]+; calculated C17H25N3O5 351.40 g/mol. Rf (min)=12.33.

iii. MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 2 Boc 1 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [α-NH₂.TFA] [ε-CBz] (96.0 mmol) and DMF (200 ml) was added TEA (33.5 ml, 0.24 mol) followed by PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (49.37 g, 0.106 mol). The homogenous solution was allowed to stir at Rt for 17 h. A solution of glycine (3.98 g, 53 mmol) in water (50 ml) was added to the crude reaction mixture and stirring was continued for a further 18 h. Water (200 ml) was added to the reaction flask which induced precipitation of a yellow solid. This material was collected by filtration and then re-suspended in 5% aq. Na₂CO₃ (200 ml). This suspension was left to stir for 1.5 h at Rt. The crude product was collected by filtration and re-suspended in water a further 3 times (3×200 ml). The solids collected by filtration for the final time were left to air dry under suction for 17 h and final traces of moisture were removed under high vacuum (oil pump). The desired compound, MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (61.07 g, 94%), was ultimately obtained as a pale, fine yellow coloured powder.

LC/MS (Phobic/Formate): ESI (+ve) m/z=680.15 [M+H]+; calculated C33H53N5O10 679.82 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.90.

iv. MeO-GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 2 Boc 1 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (2.00 g, 2.94 mmol), TFA (0.23 ml, 2.99 mmol) and methanol (60 ml) was carefully added 10% Pd/C (322 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (Rt, atmospheric pressure) for 4 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product MeO-GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (1.93 g, 99%) as a colourless foam.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=546.45 [M+H]+; calculated C25H47N5O8 545.68 g/mol. Rf (min)=1.27.

v. MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 2 Boc 2 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (922 mg, 1.40 mmol), TEA (0.5 ml, 3.59 mmol) and DMF (25 ml) was added PNPO-α-CBz-ε-Boc-Lys (822 mg, 1.65 mmol) as a solid. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i and ultimately provided MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz] (452 mg, 34%) as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=942.53 [M+H]+; calculated C47H71N7O13 942.13 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.28.

vi. HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry HO—CO ((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂H 2 Boc 2 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz] (452 mg, 0.48 mmol), methanol (6 ml) and water (3 ml) was added 1M aq. NaOH solution (1 ml) at Rt. Stirring was continued at Rt for 3.5 h. The now clear but yellow coloured reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and the resulting gel like residue was treated with water (20 ml) and Ether (20 ml). To the biphasic mixture was added 1M aq. KHSO₄ solution (3 ml) and immediately a white precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected by filtration and left to air dry under suction for 48 h. The product, HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz] (343 mg, 77%), was obtained as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=928.54 [M+H]+; calculated C46H69N7O13 928.10 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.73.

vii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-CBz]₂ [ε,ε-CBz]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 4 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ (21 mg, 0.039 mmol) and DMF (1.5 ml) was added pyBOP (82 mg, 0.16 mmol). To this solution was added a mixture of HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz] (138 mg, 0.15 mmol), DIPEA (0.1 ml, 0.60 mmol) and DMF (1 ml) at Rt. Stirring was continued for 48 h at Rt. After this time, the crude reaction mixture was transferred to a beaker containing ACN (300 ml). The solution was stirred at Rt for 2 h during which time a fine precipitate formed. This material was collected by filtration and air dried under suction overnight. This process afforded the product BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-CBz]₂ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ (66 mg, 83%) as an off white coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1066.52 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C111H159N17O25 2131.58 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.07.

viii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-NH₂]₂ [ε,ε-NH₂]₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 4 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [GlyLys(Boc)₂(CBz)₂]₂ (60 mg, 0.028 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (3 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (59 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (Rt, atmospheric pressure) for 17 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-NH₂]₂ [ε,ε-NH₂]₂ (42 mg, 95%) as a fawn coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1595.71 [M+H]+, 798.20 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C79H135N17O17 1595.05 g/mol. Rf (min)=8.69.

Example 14 BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-NH₂]₄ [ε,ε-NH₂]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-CBz]₄ [ε,ε-CBz]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz CBz)(Boc 8 Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz 8 CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (21 mg, 0.021 mmol) and DMF (1.5 ml) was added pyBOP (88 mg, 0.17 mmol). To this solution was added a mixture of HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [α,α-Boc] [α,ε-Boc] [ε,α-CBz] [ε,ε-CBz] (148 mg, 0.16 mmol), DIPEA (0.11 ml, 0.63 mmol) and DMF (1 ml) at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 11.i to provide the product BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-CBz]₄ [ε,ε-CBz]₄ (78 mg, 70%) as an off white coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z 1403.39 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C215H317N35O51 4208.09 g/mol. Rf (min)=8.10.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-NH₂]₄ [ε,ε-NH₂]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc 8 Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc 8 NH₂ Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂[GlyLys(Boc)₂(CBz)₂]₄ (64 mg, 0.015 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (3 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (65 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (Rt, atmospheric pressure) for 17 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-NH₂]₄ [ε,ε-NH₂]₄ (43 mg, 90%) as a fawn coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Philic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1568.12 [M+2H]/2+, 1045.70 [M+3H]/3+, 784.54 [M+4H]/4+; calculated C151H269N35O35 3135.01 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3134.15. Rf (min)=8.75.

Example 15 HOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz]

This synthesis is depicted in FIGS. 14A and 14B as Schemes 3 and 4.

i. MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,εCBz]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 3 Boc 1 CBz

PNPO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-CBz (535 mg, 1.07 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (640 mg, 0.97 mmol) in dimethylformamide (10 ml). TEA (340 μl, 2.43 mmol) was added and the reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to give MeOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz] (818 mg, 93%) as a brittle white foam.

¹H nmr (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 1.2-2.0 (m, 45H); 3.03 (t, J 6.6 Hz, 2H); 3.12 (t, J 6.6 Hz, 2H); 3.19 (m, 2H); 3.71 (s, 3H); 3.88 (d, J 17.4 Hz, 1H); 3.93-4.06 (m, 2H); 4.00 (d, J 17.7 Hz, 1H); 4.38 (dd, J 5.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (s, 2H); 7.25-7.45 (m, 5H).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/Formate): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H]⁺ m/z=908.4; calculated for C₄₄H₇₄N₇O₁₃ 908.5; observed [M+NH₄]⁺ m/z=925.4; calculated for C₄₄H₇₇N₈O₁₃ 925.5. Rf (min)=9.5.

ii. HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry HO—CO ((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))4 1 CO2H 3 Boc 1 CBz

MeOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz] (500 mg, 0.55 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide (44 mg, 1.10 mmol) in methanol (8 ml) and water (4 ml). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.vi to give HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz] (481 mg, 96%) as an amorphous white solid.

¹H nmr (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 1.2-2.0 (m, 45H); 3.03 (t, J 6.6 Hz, 2H); 3.12 (t, J 6.6 Hz, 2H); 3.19 (m, 2H); 3.84 (d, J 18.0 Hz, 1H); 3.95-4.07 (m, 2H); 3.97 (d, J 17.7 Hz, 1H); 4.39 (dd, J 5.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H); 5.07 (s, 2H); 7.25-7.38 (m, 5H).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H]⁺ m/z=894.3; calculated for C₄₃H₇₂N₇O₁₃ 894.5. Rf (min)=8.4.

iii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ (C₁₀₅H₁₆₃N₁₇O₂₅ MW 2063.5)

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 2 CBz

N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (186 mg 0.90 mmol) was added to a solution of HOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₃ [ε,ε-CBz] (536 mg, 0.60 mmol), BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ (135 mg, 0.250 mmol), 4,4-dimethylaminopyridine (7.3 mg, 60 μmol) and TEA (210 μl, 1.50 mmol) in dimethylformamide (10 ml). The solution was stirred at Rt for 15 h and the volatile components were then removed in vacuo. Silica gel chromatography (methanol/DCM gradient) gave BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ (245 mg, 47%). A small sample (20 mg) was treated with acetic acid/TFA in the usual way to provide analytical data.

LC/MS (Philic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H]⁺ m/z=1463.2; calculated for C₇₅H₁₁₆N₁₇O₁₃ 1462.9.

iv. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆[ε,ε-NH₂]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((NH₂ Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 2 NH₂ 6 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [GlyLys(Boc)₃(CBz)]₂ (95 mg, 0.046 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (16.4 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (Rt, atmospheric pressure) for 19 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-NH₂]₂ (83 mg, 93%) as a glass like solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/Formate): ESI (+ve) m/z=898.50 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C89H151N17O21 1795.23 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.34.

Example 16 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α,α-Boc]₈ [α,ε-Boc]₈ [ε,α-Boc]₈ [ε,ε-CBz]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4)8(((CBz 16 Boc Ø)(Boc Boc))4((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4)8)16 ((((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4)8(((CBz 8 CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))4)8)16

PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (3.6 g, 7.2 mmol) and TEA (2.1 mL, 15 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ (3 g, 0.75 mmol) in DMF (30 mL). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to provide BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ as a white powder (4.2 g, 98%).

LC/MS (Fast Hydrophobic/TFA): Rf (min)=13.70; ESI (+ve) m/z=1936 ([M+3]/3), 1452 ([M+4]/4), 1062 ([M+5−Boc]/5). Calc. C295H465N47O71. M+1. 5083.4

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ 16 Boc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ 8 NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (2.2 g, 0.38 mmol) in acetic, acid (30 mL), was added 10% Pd/C (101 mg, 0.095 mmol). The resulting homogeneous mixture was at Rt for 16 h under hydrogen. The solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting sticky residue was redissolved in water and freeze dried to provide BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (1.97 g, 0.38 mmol) which contained some acetic acid residue.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): Rf (min)=18.53; ESI (+ve) m/z=1184 ([M+4]/4), 947 ([M+5]/5), 790 ([M+6]/6). Calc. C231H417N47O55. M+1. 4731.1

iii. BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α,α-Boc]₈ [α,ε-Boc]₈ [ε,α-Boc]₈ [ε,ε-CBz]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz 24 Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz 8 CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

PNPO-α-Boc-ε-CBz-Lys (90 mg, 0.18 mmol) and TEA (0.05 mL, 0.35 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (90 mg, 0.019 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to provide BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α,α-Boc]₈ [α,ε-Boc]₈ [ε,α-Boc]₈ [ε,ε-CBz]₈ (51 mg, 35%)

LC/MS (Phobic TFA Speedy Rp): Rf (min)=14.32; ESI (+ve) m/z=2544 ([M+3]/3), 1909 ([M+4]/4), 1527 ([M+5]/5). Calc. C383H625N63O95. M+1. 7629

Example 17 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α,α-Boc]₈ [α,ε-Boc]₈ [ε,α-Boc]₈ [ε,ε-Fmoc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Boc)(Boc 24 Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Boc)(Boc 8 Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸(((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

PFP-Lys-α-Boc-ε-Fmoc (96 mg, 0.15 mmol) and TEA (0.04 mL, 0.27 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (100 mg, 0.017 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). The solution was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then added to ACN (100 ml) producing a clear gelatinous precipitate. This precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with ACN. The precipitated was dried at Rt to provide BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α,α-Boc]₈ [α,ε-Boc]₈ [ε,α-Boc]₈ [ε,ε-Fmoc]₈ (30 mg, 21%)

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): Rf (min)=7.72; ESI (+ve) m/z=1667 ([M+5]/5), 1389 ([M+6]/6), 1191 ([M+7]/7). Calc. C439H657N63O95. M+1 8332

Example 18 HO Su(NPN)₂ [Su(NPN)₂]₂ [CBz] [Boc]₃

Part of this synthesis is schematically illustrated in FIG. 13 (Scheme 2).

i. EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry EtO—CO (Boc CBz) 1 CO—OEt 1 Boc 1 CBz

A stirred mixture of PNPO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (1.0 g, 1.7 mmol) and TEA (0.5 g, 4.95 mmol) in EtOH (80 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 16 h, concentrated, then purified by flash chromatography (PNPOH removed with hexane/EtOAc 1:1, ethyl ester with EtOAc only) to give EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] as an oil. LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/formate, RT=17.8 min; MS: 511 ([M+NH4]+, 10%), 494 ([M+H]+, 100%).

ii. EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂.TFA] [CBz]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry EtO—CO (NH₂ CBz) 1 CO—OEt 1 NH₂ 1 CBz

EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (720 mg, 1.46 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (10 mL) and cooled slightly. To this stirred mixture was then added TFA (10 mL), drop wise. After 30 min. the ice-bath was removed, and after 5 hours the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in water, then concentrated to remove excess acid. This was repeated (2×), then the sample was taken up in water and freeze-dried, providing EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂.TFA] [CBz] as a colourless oil, 715 mg (97% if calc. TFA salt). LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/TFA, RT=12.47 min; MS: 394 ([M+H]+, 100%).

iii. EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [CBz] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry EtO—CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO—OEt 2 Boc 1 CBz

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂.TFA] [CBz] (715 mg, 1.41 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added PNPOSu[NPN]₂ [Boc]₂ (778 mg, 1.41 mmol) and TEA (0.49 mL, 3.52 mmol). The mixture was stirred at Rt overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue taken up in EtOAc (100 mL). This mixture was washed with a K₂CO₃ solution (5%), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The crude was purified by flash chromatography (10% MeOH in DCM), providing 0.95 g (84%) of EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [CBz] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ as a viscous oil. LCMS (LC: Hydrophobic/formate, RT=6.91 min; MS: 807 ([M+H]+, 100%), 824 ([M+NH₄]+, 32%).

iv. EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry EtO—CO ((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO—OEt 2 Boc 1 NH₂

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [CBz] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ (865 mg, 1.07 mmol) in DMF/H₂O (9:1, 19 mL) was added ammonium formate (135 mg, 1.07 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (288 mg, 0.25 equiv. Pd). The mixture was stirred for 2 h. at Rt, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was taken up in water, then concentrated to remove excess acid. This was repeated (2×), then the sample was taken up in water and freeze-dried, providing 672 mg (93%) of EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ as a colourless oil. LCMS (LC: Hydrophilic/TFA, RT=13.9 min; MS: 673 ([M+H]+, 37%), 259 (100%).

v. EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [Su[NPN]₂]₂ [CBz][Boc]₃

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry EtO—CO ((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO—OEt 3 Boc 1 CBz

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [NH₂] [Su[NPN]₂] [Boc]₂ (739 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added PNPOSu[NPN]₂ [Boc] [CBz] (644 mg, 1.1 mmol) and TEA (0.38 mL, 2.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at Rt overnight, the solvent removed in vacuo, and the residue taken up in EtOAc (150 mL). This mixture was washed with a K₂CO₃ solution (5%), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated, providing 1.30 g (106%) of crude material, EtO-Su[NPN]₂ [Su[NPN]₂]₂ [CBz] [Boc]₃ as a pale yellow oil. LCMS (LC: Hydrophobic/formate, RT=3.3 min; MS: 1138 ([M+NH₄]+, 2%), 1121 ([M+H]+, 3%), 561 ([M+2H/2]+, 100%).

vi. HO-Su[NPN]₂ [Su[NPN]₂]₂ [CBz] [Boc]₃

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry HO—CO ((CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂H 3 Boc 1 CBz

To a stirred mixture of EtOSu[NPN]₂ [Su[NPN]₂]₂ [CBz] [Boc]₃ (0.6 g, 0.6 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added NaOH solution (H₂O 4 mL, NaOH 127 mg, 3.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 d at Rt, concentrated, the diluted with dilute HCl (50 mL). The aqueous phase was then washed with EtOAc, the organics combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to provide 0.8 g of white solid.

Example 19 BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [NH₂]₄ i. MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 4 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-NH₂.TFA] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (968 mg, 1.47 mmol), TEA (0.51 ml, 3.66 mmol) and DMF (25 ml) was added PNPO-α-Boc-ε-Boc-Lys (1.38 g, 2.95 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.iii to give MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (1.19 g, 93%) as a near colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=874.40 [M+H]+; calculated C41H75N7O13 874.09 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.83.

ii. MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO (NH₂ NH₂)(NH₂ NH₂))⁴ 1 CO₂Me 4 Boc

To a chilled (ice-water bath) and magnetically stirred suspension of MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (1.19 g, 1.36 mmol) and DCM (60 ml) was added neat TFA (4.2 ml, 54.5 mmol) in a drop wise manner. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 12. The product MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (1.15 g, 91%) was obtained as a glassy solid.

LC/MS (Philic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z 474.23 [M+H]+; calculated C21H43N7O5 473.62 g/mol. Rf (min)=0.59.

iii. MeO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry MeO—CO ((4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz)(4-Nitro-CBz 1 CO₂Me 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 4 4-Nitro-CBz

To a magnetically stirred mixture of MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (606 mg, 0.65 mmol), THF (12 ml) and DIPEA (1.4 ml, 8.03 mmol) was added, in one portion and as a solid, 4-nitrobenzylchloroformate (853 mg, 3.96 mmol). The suspension was allowed to stir at Rt for a further 19 h. The crude reaction mixture was transferred to a beaker containing a 1:1 mixture of ACN and water (200 ml). The suspension was stirred for 2 h before being filtered and the solids collected left to dry overnight under suction. The desired product MeO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄ (367 mg, 47%) was obtained as a pale yellow coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1190.35 [M+H]+; calculated C53H63N11O21 1190.15 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.17.

iv. HO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry HO—CO ((4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz)(4-Nitro-CBz 1 CO₂H 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴ 4 4-Nitro-CBz

To a magnetically stirred suspension of MeO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄ (297 mg, 0.25 mmol), methanol (3 ml), and water (1.5 ml) was added 1M aq. NaOH solution (1 ml). The suspension was stirred at 60° C. for ca. 5 h after which time, LCMS analysis of the crude reaction mixture deemed the reaction complete. To the mixture was added 1M aq. KHSO4 solution (2 ml). After stirring at room temperature for approximately 10 mins, the suspension was filtered. The solids retained were allowed to air dry under suction overnight. The product, HO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄ (41 mg, 14%) was obtained as a light grey coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1176.35 [M+H]+; calculated C52H61N11O21 1176.13 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.85.

v. HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry HO—CO ((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂H 4 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (1.0 g, 1.14 mmol), methanol (12 ml) and water (6 ml) was added 1M aq. NaOH solution (2.2 ml) at Rt. The reaction mixture was stirred at Rt for 18 h. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.vi to afford HO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (1.05 g, 107%) as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=860.62 [M+H]+; calculated C40H73N7O13 860.07 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.41.

vi. PNPO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry PNPO-CO ((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO-OPNP 4 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of HOGlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (983 mg, 1.14 mmol) and EtOAc (20 ml) was added, in the following order, p-nitrophenol (175 mg, 1.26 mmol) and DCC (260 mg, 1.26 mmol). After stirring at Rt for ca. 5 mins, the reaction mixture became a slurry due to the formation of a gel like precipitate. Stirring was continued at Rt for a further 22 h. The crude reaction mixture was diluted upon the addition of EtOAc (10 ml) then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give PNPO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ as an orange/yellow coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=981.71 [M+H]+; calculated C46H76N8O15 981.16 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.65.

vii. BHALys [α-Boc] [ε-Fmoc]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (Boc Fmoc) 1 Boc 1 Fmoc

HO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-Fmoc (10:34 g, 22.1 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (100 mL) and chilled. DCC (4.74, 23.0 mmol) was added followed by HOBt (3.12 g, 23.1 mmol). BHA (5 mL, 28.9 mol) was dissolved in dry DMF (25 mL) and added drop wise to the reaction under argon. Reaction stirred at Rt overnight. DCU was filtered and the filtrate was partitioned between EtOAc and water. Organic layer was washed with 0.3M Na₂CO₃, then with brine, followed by 0.1M KHSO₄ and then brine. EtOAc solution was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give BHALys [α-Boc] [ε-Fmoc] as a pale yellow solid. Material was subjected to high vacuum overnight (14.36 g, 22.6 mmol, 103%) EtOAc, ¹H-nmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ 1-1.7 (15H); 2.9 (2H); 4.15-4.4 (3H) 6.1 (1H) 7.1-8 (18H) HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt 12.92 min

ESI MS (+ve) 634.16 (M+H)⁺; Calc. MF C₃₉H₄₃N₃O₅ M+H. 633.79

viii. BHALys [ε-Fmoc] [α-NH₂.TFA]

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (Boc NH₂) 1 NH₂ 1 Fmoc

BHALys [α-Boc] [ε-Fmoc] (14.26 g, 22.5 mmol) was suspended in DCM (40 mL) and chilled, forming a gel. TFA (30 mL, 43.2 mmol) was added slowly via a dropping funnel which dissolved the gel and the homogeneous solution was stirred for 4 hours at Rt and then concentrated to give BHALys [ε-Fmoc] [α-NH₂.TFA] as a yellow oil. HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=8.59 min; ESI MS (+ve) 534.19 (M+H)⁺; Calc MF: C₃₄H₃₅N₃O₃; M+H: 533.68 ¹H-nmr (MG-036-110-04) (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 1.0-1.8 (30H); 2.8-3.0 (4H); 3.9 (1H); 4.2-4.5 (4H); 6.1 (1H); 7.2-7.9 (18H)

ix. BHALys [ε-Fmoc] [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((4-Nitro-CBz Ø)(ØØ))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 1 4-Nitro-CBz 4 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε-Fmoc] (75 mg, 0.12 mmol) and DMF (2 ml) was added PNPO-GlyLys [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (230 mg, 0.23 mmol), followed by triethylamine (22 μL, 0.16 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.iii to afford BHALys [ε-Fmoc] [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄, in crude form, (314 mg) as a light yellow coloured gum like residue.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z 1375.69 [M+H]+; calculated C74H106N10O15 1375.73 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.14.

x. BHALys [ε-NH₂] [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((NH₂Ø)(ØØ))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 1 NH₂ 4 Boc

Piperidine (1 ml) was added to a magnetically stirred mixture of BHALys[α-GlyLys(Boc)4][ε-Fmoc] (0.12 mmol) and DMF (4 ml). Stirring was continued at room temperature for 50 mins. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue treated with ethyl acetate (ca. 100 ml). The precipitate which formed was collected and left to air dry under suction for 2 h. The product, BHALys [ε-NH₂] [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (33 mg, 24%) was obtained as a light yellow coloured solid.

LC/MS (Philic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1153.70 [M+H]+; calculated C595H₉₆N10O13 1153.47 g/mol. Rf (min)=10.51.

xi. BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys] [4-NitroCBz]₄

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz)(4-Nitro-CBz 4 4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution BHALys [ε-NH₂] [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (26 mg, 0.02 mmol) and DMF (1 ml) was added pyBOP (23 mg, 0.044 mmol). To this solution was added a mixture of HO-GlyLys [Lys]_(2 [)4-Nitro-CBz]₄ (40 mg, 0.034 mmol), DIPEA (25 μL, 0.14 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml) at room temperature. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 11.i. The product BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys]_(2 [)4-NitroCBz]₄ (7.8 mg, 15%) was obtained as a grey coloured solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1156.63 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C111H155N21O33 2311.59 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.02

xii. BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [NH₂]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz)(4-Nitro-CBz 4 4-Nitro-CBz 4-Nitro-CBz))⁴((NH₂ NH₂)(NH₂NH₂))⁴)⁸ 4 NH₂

A suspension of BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys]_(2 [)4-NitroCBz]₄, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (3 ml) and 10% Pd/C was subjected to high pressure hydrogenation conditions (room temperature, 50 PSI) for 1.5 h. After this time, the black suspension was filtered and the filtrate collected was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product BHALys [α-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ [ε-GlyLys] [Lys]₂ [NH₂]₄ (4.1 mg, 76%) was obtained as a clear, colourless oily smear.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=798.08 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C795H135N17O17 1595.06 g/mol. Rf (min)=3.33.

Example 20 BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-NH₂]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

The synthesis is schematically illustrated in FIG. 12 (Scheme 1).

i. BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (NH₂ NH₂) 2 NH₂

BHALys [Boc]₂ (10.014 g, 19.6 mmol) was suspended in DCM (30 mL) and chilled, forming a gel. TFA (30 mL, 43.2 mmol) was added slowly via a dropping funnel which dissolved the gel and the homogeneous solution was stirred overnight at Rt. Reaction mixture was slowly added to ice cold Ether (300 mL) with stirring, to form of a fine white precipitate. Suspended solid was collected by filtration, washed with Ether (50 ml×2) dissolved in water and freeze dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₂ (10.2 g, 18.9 mmol, 97%).

HPLC (hydrophilic/formate) Rt=11.8 min; ESI MS (+ve) 311.83 (M+H)⁺. Calc MF: C₁₉H₂₅N₃O; M+H: 311.43

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Fmoc Boc)(Fmoc Boc))⁴ 1 Fmoc 3 Boc

DIPEA (6.8 mL, 39.0 mmol) and BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ (10.2 g, 18.9 mmol) were dissolved in dry DMF (30 mL) and were added drop wise under argon to a solution of PFP-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc (37.4 g, 38.9 mmol) in dry DMF (70 mL). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to provide BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ as a white precipitate (18.9 g, 15.6 mmol, 79.5%).

iii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((NH₂ Boc)(Fmoc Boc))⁴ 1 NH₂ 3 Boc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ (18.4 g, 15.2 mmol) was suspended in DCM (75 mL) and chilled, forming a gel. TFA (75 mL, 1.08 mol) was added slowly. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 19.ii to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-NH₂.TFA]₂ in quantitative yield. (19.2 g, 15.8 mmol)—residual TFA present.

HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=10.4 min; ESI MS (+ve) 1012.15 (M+H)⁺. Calc MF: C₆₁H₆₉N₇O₇; M+H: 1013.27

iv. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 2 Fmoc 4 Boc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ (19.2 g, 15.5 mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (90 mL) was added drop wise under of argon to a solution of PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (17.4 g, 37.2 mmol) and DIPEA (8.5 mL, 48.8 mmol) in dry DMF (250 mL) on ice. Once addition was complete the reaction was stirred overnight at Rt. Reaction mixture was slowly added to ACN (2 L) with vigorous stirring to form a white precipitate. Suspension was stirred for 30 minutes after which the precipitate was collected. Filtered solid was washed with ACN and dried giving a white solid (20.42 g), which was insoluble in a suitable HPLC solvent. 23 mg was deprotected for LCMS analysis using the standard Boc deprotection method and the data showed incomplete reaction. PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (7.1 g, 15.2 mmol) was added to a solution of the partially reacted material (20.4 g) dissolved in DMF (315 mL), followed by DIPEA (2.6 mL, 15.2 mmol) and stirred overnight at Rt. Reaction mixture was poured into ACN (2 L) and the precipitate collected. Filtered solid was washed with ACN (250 mL×3) and dried overnight at 40° C. to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ as a white solid (19.6 g, 11.7 mmol, 72%)

HPLC (Hydrophobic): rf 8.2 min. ESI MS (+ve) 1268.72 (M+H)⁺; 634.97 ((M+2H⁺)/2). Calc. MF C₉₃H₁₂₅N₁₁O₁₇; M+H⁺. 1669.1

v. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-NH₂]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((NH2 Ø)(Boc Boc))4((NH2 Ø)(Boc Boc))4)8 2 NH2 4 Boc

A solution of piperidine (11.6 mL, 145 mmol) in DMF (120 mL) was added to BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Fmoc]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (19.6 g) at Rt forming a yellow solution. Reaction was stirred at Rt for 3 hours after which a slight cloudiness developed. The suspension was concentrated to approximately 70 mL and added to a slurry of ice water with stirring. A fine, faintly yellow precipitate was formed and this was collected. Methanol was added to dissolve the solid. Filtrate was concentrated (10.2 g) and solid purified by flash chromatography using 50:1:1 Isopropanol:water:concentrated Ammonia giving BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-NH₂]₂ [ε-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ as a white solid (7.83 g, 6.4 mmol, 54%)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=8.75 min. ESI MS (+ve) 1224.81 (M+H)⁺. 612.85 ((M+2H⁺)/2) Calc MF: C₆₃H₁₀₅N₁₁O₁₃; M+H: 1224.61. ¹H-nmr (300 MHz, MeOD) λ (ppm) 1.2-1.8 (66H); 2.9-3.35 (5H); 3.85-4.0 (3H); 4.45 (1H); 6.2 (1H); 7.2-7.4 (10H)

Example 21 Demonstration of Orthogonal Protecting Group Removal BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [αLys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz 8 CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Fmoc ((((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz 8 Boc Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a mixture of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ (0.025 mmol), TFA and DMF was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.105 ml, 0.60 mmol) and PFP-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc (154 mg, 0.24 mmol) at Rt. The clear, colourless reaction mixture was stirred for a further 16 h at Rt. After this time, the reaction solution was transferred to a beaker containing ACN (ca. 150 ml) and immediately, a colourless precipitate formed. This precipitate, after being collected via filtration and washed with ACN, was air dried under suction overnight. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (157 mg, 92%) was obtained as a colourless solid.

The protecting groups may then be removed by one of the following three processes:

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-NH₂]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz Ø) 8 CBz (NH₂ Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 NH₂ ((((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz Ø) 8 Boc (NH₂ Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(NH₂ Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A suspension of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (20 mg, 0.0029 mmol) and DMF was treated with piperidine at Rt. Stirring was continued at Rt for a further 18 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF (ca. 2 ml), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was obtained as a colourless solid residue.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/3]+m/z=1670; [M+H/4]+m/z=1252; [M+H/5]+m/z=1002; [M+H/6]+m/z=825; calculated for C255H401N47055 5005.27; Rf (min)=10.10 mins.

iii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴)⁸(((CBz 8 CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Fmoc ((((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴)⁸(((CBz 8 NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴((CBz Ø)(Fmoc NH₂))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A suspension of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (20 mg, 0.0029 mmol) and AcOH was treated with neat TFA at Rt. Stirring was continued at Rt for a further 16 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was diluted with AcOH (ca. 2 ml), and concentrated under reduced pressure. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈ was obtained as a colourless oily residue.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/4]+m/z=1496; [M+H/5]+m/z=1197; [M+H/6]+m/z=998; [M+H/7]+m/z=855; calculated for C355H417N47055 5982.28; Rf (min)=13.86 mins.

iv. BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ 8 NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Fmoc ((((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ 8 Boc Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Fmoc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A suspension of BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (19.6 mg, 0.0029 mmol), 10% Pd/C (22 mg) and AcOH was stirred vigorously under hydrogen at Rt for 18 h. The black suspension was diluted with AcOH (ca. 5 ml) and filtered. Concentration of the clear and colourless filtrate under reduced pressure gave BHALys [Lys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [α-Fmoc]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ as a clear oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) observed [M+H/4]+m/z=1429; [M+H/5]+m/z=1143; calculated for C311H433N47O55 5710.14; Rf (min)=14.67 mins.

Example 22 BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [ε-NH₂]₄ [α-Lys] [Boc]₈ i. HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry HO—CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂H 1 CBz 2 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (1.0 g, 1.47 mmol), methanol (32 ml) and water (16 ml) was added 1M aq. NaOH solution (3 ml) at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.vi to afford HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (942 mg, 96%) as a colourless foam.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=666.40 [M+H]+; calculated C33H54N50O9 664.83 g/mol. Rf (min)=3.53.

ii. PNPO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry PNPO-CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO-OPNP 1 CBz 2 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (430 mg, 0.65 mmol) and EtOAc (10 ml) was added, in the following order, p-nitrophenol (99 mg, 0.71 mmol) and DCC (147 mg, 0.71 mmol). After stirring at Rt for ca. 5 mins, the reaction mixture became a slurry due to the formation of a gel like precipitate. Stirring was continued at Rt for a further 22 h. The crude reaction mixture was diluted upon the addition of EtOAc (15 ml) then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an orange/yellow coloured solid. After subjection of the crude material to silica gel flash chromatography (EtOAc), the product PNPO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (Rf 0.4) (344 mg, 66%) was obtained as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=787.31 [M+H]+; calculated C38H54N6O12 786.89 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.24.

iii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [ε-CBz]₄ [α-Lys] [Boc]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 CBz (((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (30 mg, 0.029 mmol), TEA (0.06 ml, 0.43 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml) was added a solution of PNPOGlyLys(α-DBL)(ε-CBz) (172 mg, 0.22 mmol dissolved in 2 ml DMF) at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i. The product, BHALys [Lys]₂-[GlyLys(Boc)₂(CBz)]₄ (87 mg, 94%), was obtained as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1580.31 [M+2H]/2+, 1053.90 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C159H245N27O39 3158.85 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3158.29. Rf (min)=7.75.

iv. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [ε-NH₂]₄ [α-Lys] [Boc]₈

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ Ø) 4 NH₂ (Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 Boc

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂[GlyLys(Boc)₂(CBz)]₄ (82 mg, 0.026 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (55 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (rt, atmospheric pressure) for 17 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [Lys]₂[GlyLys(Boc)₂(NH₂)]₄ (68 mg, 99%) as a light brown coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Philic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1311.90 [M+2H]/2+, 874.92 [M+3H]/3+, 656.46 [M+4H]/4+; calculated C127H221N27031 2622.32 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2621.78. Rf (min)=9.55.

Example 23 BHALys [Lys]₄ [ε,α-Boc] [ε,ε-NH₂] [Boc]₆ i. BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (Boc Fmoc) 1 Boc 1 Fmoc

HO-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc (13.6 g, 29.1 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (110 mL) and chilled. DCC (6.3 g, 30.6 mmol) was added followed by HOBt (4.1 g, 30.6 mmol). Benzhydrylamine (5 mL, 28.9 mol) was dissolved in dry DMF (40 mL) and added drop wise to the reaction under argon. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 19.vii to give BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc] as a pale yellow solid. Material was dried at 40° C. for 2 hours (17.36 g, 27.3 mmol, 94%).

HPLC (Hydrophobic) rf 12.92 min. ESI MS (+ve) 634.12 (M+H)⁺; Calc. MF C39H43N3O5 M+H. 633.79

ii. BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-NH₂.TFA]

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (NH₂ Fmoc) 1 NH₂ 1 Fmoc

BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc] (17.3 g, 27.3 mmol) was deprotected with in DCM (60 mL) TFA (100 mL, 1.43 mol) and DCM (40 mL) in the method of Example 19.ii to give BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-NH₂.TFA] as a white solid.

HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=6.59 min; ESI MS (+ve) 533.9 (M+H)⁺. Calc MF: C₃₄H₃₅N₃O₃; M+H: 533.68

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 1.15-1.75 (6H); 2.65-2.85 (2H); 4.05-4.45 (3H); 6.1 (1H); 7.0-8.0 (18H)

¹³Cnmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 22.47 (1CH₂); 26.55 (1CH₂); 31.39 (1CH₂), 46.65 (1CH₂); 54.38 (1CH); 55.90 (1C); 65.59 (1C); 119.06-143.87 16 peaks (24 Ar—C); 155.98 (1C-Carbamate); 171.28 (1C-Amide)

iii. BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 2 Boc 1 Fmoc

BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-NH₂.TFA] (14.64 g, 22.6 mmol) was reacted with PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (13.4 g, 28.7 mmol) in dry DMF (80 mL) and DIPEA (7.2 mL, 37.3 mmol) in DMF (145 mL), in the same manner as in Example 1.i. The solid was collected and washed repetitively with Ether to give BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂ as a white solid (13.8 g, 16.0 mmol, 60%)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) rf 13.59 min. ESI MS (+ve) 862.17 (M+H)⁺; 879.27 (M+NH₄ ⁺); Calc. MF C₅₀H₆₃N₅O₈ M+H. 862.09.

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 1.15-1.75 (30H); 2.8-3.2 (4H); 4.3 (1H); 4.1-4.3 (3H); 7.2-7.95 (18H)

iv. BHALys [α-NH₂] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 2 Boc 1 NH₂

The Fmoc protecting group was removed from BHALys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂ (13.8 g, 16.0 mmol) using piperidine (20 mL, 25.0 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) in similar manner to Example 1.v. Material was purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc:PM 17:2 (PM=Isopropanol:water:concentrated Ammonia 20:1:1). to give BHALys [α-NH₂] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂ as a white solid (8.04 g, 12.5 mmol, 79%) rf product=0.35.

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 1.2-1.9 (30H); 3.0-3.3 (4H); 3.4 (1H); 3.95 (1H); 6.2 (1H); 7.2-7.4 (10H)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=7.15 min. ESI MS (+ve) 640.5 (M+H)⁺. Calc MF: C₃₅H₅₃N₅O₆; M+H: 639.84

v. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Boc]₃

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Fmoc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴ 3 Boc 1 Fmoc

HO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-Fmoc (2.94 g, 6.3 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL) and chilled. DCC (1.36 g, 6.60 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added followed by HOBt (893 mg, 6.60 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). BHALys [α-NH₂] [ε-Lys] [Boc]₂ (4.02 g, 6.3 mol) was dissolved in dry DMF (12 mL) and added drop wise to the reaction under argon. Reaction stirred at Rt overnight. DCU was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with Ether, filtered and washed with EtOAc to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Boc]₃ as a white solid (5.33 g, 4.88 mmol, 78%.)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) rf 14.58 min. ESI MS (+ve) 1090.31 (M+H)⁺; 1107.39 (M+NH₄ ⁺); Calc. MF C₆₁H₈₃N₇O₁₁ M+H. 1090.38

vi. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [NH₂.TFA]₃

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Fmoc NH₂)(NH₂ NH₂))⁴ 3 NH₂ 1 Fmoc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Boc]₃ (92 mg, 84.4 mmol) was deprotected using TFA and DCM as for the method of Example 19.ii. Reaction concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue washed with ether to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [NH₂.TFA]₃ as a solid (85 mg, 82%)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) rf 15.77 min. ESI MS (+ve) 790.09 (M+H)⁺; 395.71 (M+2H⁺)/2; Calc. MF C₄₆H₅₉N₇O₅ M+H. 790.03

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, MeOD) λ (ppm); 1.25 (18H); 2.8-3.0 (4H); 3.8 (1H); 4.0-4.5 (5H); 6.2 (1H); 7.2-7.8 (18H)

vii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 1 Fmoc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [NH₂.TFA]₃ (75 mg, 66.3 umol) was dissolved in dry DMF (1 mL) and added drop wise to a solution of PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (120 mg, 0.25 mmol) and DIPEA (50 μL, 1.5 eq/NH₂) in dry DMF (1 ml) under argon. Once addition complete, the reaction was stirred at Rt overnight. Reaction was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue triturated with Ether, filtered and then washed with EtOAc repetitively to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ as a solid (113 mg, 63.6 umol, 96%)

HPLC (Hydrophobic) rf 16.52 min. ESI MS (+ve) 888 (M+2H⁺)/2; Calc. MF C₆₁H₈₃N₇O₁₁ M+H. 1775.26

viii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-NH₂] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 1 Fmoc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Fmoc] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (113 mg, 63.6 umol) was dissolved in dry DMF (1 mL) using piperidine (0.2 mL) in similar manner to Example 1.v. Material was purified by flash chromatography to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-NH₂] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ as an oil (50 mg, 30 umol).

ix. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-Boc] [α,ε,ε-4-Nitro-CBz] [Boc]₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((4-Nitro-CBz Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 7 Boc 1 4-Nitro- CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-NH₂] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (99.5 mg, 0.064 mmol), DMF (2 ml) and TEA (25 μl, 0.18 mmol) was added PNPO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-4-Nitro-CBz (45.2 mg, 0.083 mmol) in one portion at Rt. The bright yellow coloured solution was allowed to stir at Rt for 22 h. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i. The product, BHALys [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-Boc] [α,ε,ε-4-Nitro-CBz] [Boc] (105 mg, 83%) was obtained as an off-white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1961.39 [M+H]+, 981.00 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C98H158N16O25 1960.44 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1959.99. Rf (min): 7.37.

x. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-Boc] [α,ε,ε-NH₂] [Boc]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((NH₂ Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 7 Boc 1 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [ε,α-Boc] [ε,ε-4-Nitro-CBz] [Boc]₆ (100 mg, 0.051 mmol) and TFE (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (27.2 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated at Rt and pressure for 5 h. The suspension was filtered through a silica plug and concentration of the filtrate afforded BHALys [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-Boc] [α,ε,ε-NH₂] [Boc]₆ (68.6 mg, 75%) as a fawn coloured, glass like solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1781.34 [M+H]+, 891.63 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C90H153N15O21 1781.31 g/mol. Rf (min): 6.05.

Example 24 BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [NH₂]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((CBz CBz)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 2 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-NH₂] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (50 mg, 0.032 mmol), DMF (1 ml) and TEA (11 μl, 0.08 mmol) was added PNPO-Lys(CBz)₂ (35 mg, 0.064 mmol) in one portion at room temperature. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (48.2 mg, 77%) as an off-white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1950.01 [M+H]+, 975.50 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C101H157N15O23 1949.46 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1948.94. Rf (min): 7.61.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [NH₂]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((NH₂ NH₂)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 2 NH₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (13.4 mg, 7 μmol) and TFE (2 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (15.9 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated at room temperature and under pressure (50 PSI) for ca. 10 h. The suspension was filtered and concentration of the filtrate afforded BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [NH₂]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (7.6 mg, 66%) as a light brown coloured oil.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1680.93 [M+H]+, 841.14 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C85H145N15O19 1681.19 g/mol. Rf (min): 5.53.

Example 25 BHALys [Lys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-CBz] [α,ε,ε-Alloc] [Boc]₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((CBz Alloc)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc 1 CBz 1 Alloc

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-NH₂] [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (46.7 mg, 0.03 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml) was added pyBOP (43 mg, 0.083 mmol) in one portion at room temperature. To this mixture was added a solution of HO-Lys-α-CBz-ε-Alloc dicyclohexylamine salt (39 mg, 0.071 mmol), DIPEA (45 μl, 0.26 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml). The flask containing the capping group was rinsed with DMF (0.5 ml) which was also added to the reaction mix. The clear and near colourless reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 44 h. The crude reaction mixture was transferred to a beaker containing acetonitrile (250 ml) and the flocculant precipitate which formed was collected by filtration and allowed to dry overnight under suction. The product, BHALys [Lys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,ε,α-CBz] [α,ε,ε-Alloc] [Boc]₆ (33 mg, 58%) was obtained as an off-white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1899.80 [M+H]+, 950.83 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C97H155N15O23 1899.40 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1898.91. Rf (min): 7.39.

Example 26 BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((Boc Fmoc)(Boc Fmoc))⁴ 2 Boc 2 Fmoc

To a solution of HO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-Fmoc (18.3 g, 39.1 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) on ice, was added DCC (8.47 g, 41.1 mmol) and HOBt (41.1 mmol). BHALys [NH₂.TFA]₂ (10.23 g, 19.6 mmol) was added drop wise as a solution in DMF (50 mL) with DIPEA (9 mL, 52 mmol). Once addition complete, reaction stirred at Rt overnight. DCU formed was filtered and the filtrate was added to Ether (2 L) with stirring. The precipitate was collected and washed with Ether. Filtered solid was then suspended in 20% MeOH in EtOAc and sonicated for 20 minutes. A fine white suspension was filtered and the process repeated using 20% MeOH in EtOAc (100 mL) to provide BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ as a white solid (18.6 g, 15.3 mmol, 78%).

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-NH₂.TFA]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((NH₂ Fmoc)(NH₂ Fmoc))⁴ 2 NH₂ 2 Fmoc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-Boc]₂ (18.9 g, 15.6 mmol) was suspended in DCM (75 mL) and chilled, TFA (75 mL, 1.08 mol) was added slowly. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 19.ii to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-NH₂.TFA]₂ in quantitative yield. (19.6 g, 15.8 mmol)—some excess TFA present.

HPLC (Hydrophobic) Rt=10.4 min; ESI MS (+ve) 1012.15 (M+H)⁺. Calc MF: C₆₁H₆₉N₇O₇; M+H: 1013.27

iii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((Fmoc Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 2 Fmoc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-NH₂.TFA]₂ (19.6 g, 15.8 mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (80 mL) was added drop wise under argon to a solution of PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (18.4 g, 39.4 mmol) and DIPEA (7.88 mL, 45.2 mmol) in dry DMF (200 mL) on ice. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i. to give the product BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ in 85% yield (22.3 g, 13.4 mmol).

HPLC (Hydrophobic) RT=6.8 min. ESI MS (+ve) 1269 (M+H)⁺; Calc. MF C₇₃H₉₃N₁₁O₉; M+H. 1269.1

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 1.4-2.3 (66H); 3.2-3.5 (10H); 4.3 (2H); 4.5-4.9 (9H); 6.5 (1H); 7.6-7.9 (28H)

iv. BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 Boc 2 NH₂

BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Fmoc]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (22.3 g, 13.4 mmol) was suspended in dry DMF (120 mL) and piperidine (32 mL, 402 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was slowly added to the mixture with stirring. Reaction became homogeneous after 15 minutes and was stirred for a further 45 minutes at Rt and then cooled overnight. DMF was removed under reduced pressure. Material was purified by flash chromatography with solvent system 13:1:1 Isopropanol:Water:Concentrated Ammonia to give a white solid BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂]₂ [α-Lys]₂ [Boc]₄; 9.28 g, 7.58 mmol, 58%). HPLC (Hydrophobic): Rt=6.84 min. ESI MS (+ve) 1224.57 (M+H)⁺. 612.96 ((M+2H⁺)/2) Calc MF: C₆₃H₁₀₅N₁₁O₁₃; M+H: 1224.61

¹H-nmr (300 MHz, D₆DMSO) λ (ppm) 1.2-1.8 (66H); 2.9-3.35 (5H); 3.85-4.0 (3H); 4.45 (1H); 6.2 (1H); 7.2-7.4 (10H)

Example 27 BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ i. HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry HO—CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂H 2 Boc 1 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of MeO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (1.0 g, 1.47 mmol), methanol (32 ml) and water (16 ml) was added 1M aq. NaOH solution (3 ml) at room temperature. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 13.vi to afford HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (942: mg, 96%) as a colourless foam.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z 666.40 [M+H]+; calculated C33H54N5O9 664.83 g/mol. Rf (min)=3.53.

ii. PNPO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry PNPO—CO ((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴ 1 CO₂PNP 2 Boc 1 CBz

To a magnetically stirred solution of HO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (430 mg, 0.65 mmol) and EtOAc (10 ml) was added, in the following order, p-nitrophenol (99 mg, 0.71 mmol) and DCC (147 mg, 0.71 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 19.vi Silica gel flash chromatography (EtOAc) provided PNPO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (Rf 0.4) (344 mg, 66%) as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=787.31 [M+H]+; calculated C38H54N6O12 786.89 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.24.

iii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc 16 Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz (((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((CBz Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (30 mg, 0.015 mmol), TEA (0.06 ml, 0.43 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml) was added a solution of PNPO-GlyLys [ε-CBz] [α-Lys] [Boc]₂ (172 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DMF (2 ml) at Rt. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method described in Example 1.i to provide BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (80 mg, 85%) as an off white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1566.46 [M+4H]/4+; calculated C311H489N55O79 6262.63 g/mol. Rf (min)=8.95.

iv. BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry (((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Bo 16 Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(BocBoc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 NH₂ (((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸(((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴((NH₂ Ø)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (73.5 mg, 0.012 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (3 ml) was added 10% Pd/C (44 mg). The black suspension was hydrogenated under standard conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure) for 17 h. LCMS analysis of an aliquot taken from the crude reaction mixture indicated that the reaction was incomplete. A further portion of catalyst was added (44 mg) and the crude reaction suspension was re-subjected to hydrogenolysis under high pressure (50 PSI) at room temperature for 48 h. After this time, the suspension was filtered through a 0.45 micron filter disk. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the product BHALys [Lys]₄ [GlyLys]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ [α-Lys]₈ [Boc]₁₆ (52 mg, 85%) as a brown coloured glassy solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1298.13 [M+4H]/4+, 1038.76 [M+5H]/5+, 865.61 [M+6H]/6+; calculated C247H441N55O63 5189.55 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=5188.51. Rf (min)=3.99.

Example 28 Chromatographic Behaviour of Topological Isomers

HPLC—Waters 2795 with 2996 Diode Array Detector (DAD) Solvent A: 1% TFA in water; Solvent B: Acetonitrile; Solvent C: Water. Column: Waters Xterra MS-C8, 3.5 um, 3 mm×50 mm at 0.4 ml/min Gradient: Starting eluent A (10%) B (40%) C (50%) isocratic for 1 min; linear gradient to A (10%) B (90%) C (0%) over 6 min; isocratic for 2 min; linear gradient to Starting eluent over 2 min; condition column at Starting eluent for 4 min (Total run 15 min).

TABLE 23 HPLC retention times for sets of Topological Isomers Rt* (UV) Set Topology A:B A + B Example: Name (mins) 1 (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 1:1 8 3.ii: BHALys [Lys]4 [α-Boc]4 [ε-NH2]4 0.87 1 (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ 1:1 8 2.ii: BHALys [Lys]4 [α-CBz]4 [ε-Boc]4 1.55 1 (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:1 8 13.viii: BHALys [GlyLys]2 [Lys]4 [α,α- 1.73 Boc]2 [α,ε-Boc]2 [ε,α-NH2]2 [ε,ε-NH2]2 1 (((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:1 8 19.xii: BHALys [a-GlyLys] [Lys]2 [Boc]4 3.37 [e-GlyLys] [Lys]2 [NH2]4 2 (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ × 2 1:1 16 4.ii: BHALys [Lys]8 [α-Boc]8 [ε-NH2]8 1.01 2 (((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸ × 2 1:1 16 6.ii: BHALys [Lys]8 [α-NH2]8 [ε-Boc]8 1.02 2 (((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸ × 2 1:1 16 14.ii BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α- 1.01 Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-NH₂]₄ [ε,ε-NH₂]₄ 3 (((AB)(BB))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:3 8 15.iv: BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε- 4.5 NH₂]₂ 3 (((AA)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:3 8 24.ii: BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [NH₂]₂ [Lys]₃ 5.46 [Boc]₆ 4 (((AB)(BB))⁴((AB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:3 8 15.iii: BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε- 7.14 CBz]₂ 4 (((AA)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸ 1:3 8 24.i: BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ 7.56 [Boc]₆ *Rt = Retention time of topological isomer.

This data serves to demonstrate that macromolecules which have different topologies of the same surface functional moiety stoichiometry behave differently when interacting with a physico-chemical environment.

Antimicrobial Examples Example 29 BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴((Hex B)(Hex 4 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex B))⁴)⁸ 4 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph[SO3Na]₂ = B

i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ SPL8059

PyBOP (0.20 g, 0.38 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₄ (60 mg, 0.032 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (6 mL). A solution of hexanoic acid (42 mg, 0.36 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Reaction mixture was poured into ACN (0.3 L) and filtered. The precipitate was dried in vacuo to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a white solid (53 mg, 70%).

LC/MS (phobic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1873.32 (M+); 937.54 ((M+2H)²⁺). Calculated (C₉₉H₁₆₉N₁₅O₁₉) 1873.49 (M+). Rf (min)=7.27

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

A solution of TFA/DCM (1:1) (2 mL) was added slowly to BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Boc]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ (25 mg, 0.013 mmol) dispersed in DCM (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with Ether. The residue was washed with Ether (3×10 mL), dried in vacuo to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a white solid (28 mg, 108%).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1473.12 (M+); 737.21 ((M+2H)²⁺); 491.93 ((M+3H)³⁺). Calculated (C₇₉H₁₃₇N₁₅O₁₁) 1473.03 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=8.75

iii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

PyBOP (0.07 g, 0.13 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ (24 mg, 0.012 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.05 g, 0.12 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Reaction mixture was poured into water (0.3 L) and filtered. Purification was performed by tangential flow filtration on a Centramate (2K membrane, 0.5 L sample reservoir). After an initial wash with Milli-Q water (5 L) the retentate was washed with two aliquots of 1M sodium carbonate (100 mL) separated by a Milli-Q water wash (1 L), then filtration was continued until filtrate pH was neutral (approx. 5 L). Retentate was conc. in vacuo, and freeze dried to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a white solid (26 mg, 69%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 0.5-0.7 (12H); 0.8-1.8 (68H); 1.9-2.1 (8H); 2.9-3.3 (14H); 4.0-4.3 (7H); 5.9 (1H); 7.0-7.3, 7.8-8.1, 8.2-8.5 (30H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.4-4.9 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1424.09 ((M−2H)²⁻); 948.86 ((M−3H)³⁻); 711.49 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 569.04 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 473.98 ((M−6H)⁶⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2850.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₂₇H₁₆₉N₁₅O₄₃S₈) 2850.30 (M−). Rf (min)=9.46 CE (pH 9): 76.0% purity Rf (min)=7.63

Example 30 BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ SPL8018

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴((Hex B)(Hex 4 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex B))⁴)⁸ 4 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph[SO3Na] = B

i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-Boc]₄

Prepared from BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε-Boc]₄ (81 mg, 0.055 mmol) in similar manner to Example 29.i. The precipitate was dried in vacuo to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-Boc]₄ as a white solid (0.07 g, 69%).

LC/MS (phobic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1873.32 (M+); 937.61 ((M+2H)²⁺). Calculated (C₉₉H₁₆₉N₁₅O₁₉) 1873.49 (M+). Rf (min)=7.95

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-NH₂.TFA]₄

BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-Boc]₄ (35 mg, 0.019 mmol) deprotected as for 29.ii to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-Hexyl]₄[ε-NH₂.TFA]₄ as a white solid (38 mg, 105%).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1473.12 (M+); 737.21 ((M+2H)²⁺); 491.87 ((M+3H)³⁺). Calculated (C₇₉H₁₃₇N₁₅O₁₁) 1473.03 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=8.23

iii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄

Prepared from BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-NH₂.TFA]₄ (36 mg, 0.019 mmol) and HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.07 g, 0.16 mmol) in similar manner to Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-COC₅H₁₂]₄[ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ as a white solid (0.04 g, 78%).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1423.62 ((M−2H)²⁻); 949.13 ((M−3H)³⁻); 711.49 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 568.98 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 473.98 ((M−6H)⁶⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2850.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₂₇H₁₆₉N₁₅O₄₃S₈) 2850.30 (M−). Rf (min)=9.26

CE (pH 9): 85.9% purity Rf (min)=7.61

Example 31 BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CO-4-PhSO₃Na]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴)⁸ 4 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex 4 CO-4-PhSO₃Na = B

Prepared from BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ (26 mg, 0.013 mmol) and 4-sulfobenzoic acid (0.03 g, 0.15 mmol) in a similar way to Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [α-CO-4-PhSO₃Na]₄[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a white solid (25 m g, 80%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1103.74 ((M−2H)²⁻); 735.25 ((M−3H)³⁻); 551.36 ((M−4H)⁴⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2209.54 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₀₇H₁₅₃N₁₅O₂₇S₄) 2209.70 (M−). Rf (min)=10.30

CE (pH 9): 85.7% purity Rf (min)=5.24

Example 32 DAH [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ SPL7919 i. DAH [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄

A suspension of PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (44.3 g, 94.9 mmol) in DMF (124 mL) and a solution of 1,6-diaminohexane (4.95 g, 42.6 mmol) and TEA (13.2 mL, 94.7 mmol) in DMF (160 mL) were reacted and a product isolated as for Example 1.i to give DAH [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ as a colourless solid (19.3 g, 59% yield, 95.6% purity by LCMS, [Rt=5.85 mins]). Second and third crops of product were obtained (3.68 g and 4.47 g respectively) from concentration of the washing solvents. Total mass of product obtained=27.5 g (84% yield). ESMS m/z 796 (20, M+Na); 674 (100, [M−Boc]+1); 574 (12, [M−Boc]+1.

ii. DAH [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄

DAH [Lys]₂ [Boc]₄ (20.0 g, 25.9 mmol) was deprotected using DCM (110 mL) was added TFA (280 mL, 3.63 mol) according to the method of Example 19.ii. The resulting solid was dissolved in the minimum amount of water then lyophilized to give DAH [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ as a flocculant, colourless solid. The bulk of this material was used in the next reaction without further purification.

iii. DAH [Lys]₄ [Boc]₈

A suspension of PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (55.2 g, 118 mmol) in DMF (190 mL) was reacted with a solution of DAH [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (24.6 mmol), TEA (TEA) (35.0 mL, 251 mmol) and DMF (180 mL) was reacted and a product isolated according to the method of Example 1.i. The product, DAH [Lys]₄ [Boc]₈ was obtained as a colourless solid (34.9 g, 84% yield, >99.5% purity by LCMS, [R_(t)=13.6 mins]). ESMS m/z 1587 (8, [M−Boc]+1); 744 (100, ½[M−2Boc]+1); 644 (60, ½[M−4Boc]+1); 544 (10, ½[M−6Boc]+1).

iv. DAH [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈

DAH [Lys]₄ [Boc]₈ (1.0 g, 0.60 mmol) was deprotected using DCM (12.8 mL) and TFA (12.8 mL, 166 mmol) according to the method of Example 19.ii. The resulting solid was dissolved in the minimum amount of water then lyophilized to give DAH [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ as a flocculant, colourless solid.

v. DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [εCBz]₈

A solution of DAH [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (0.59 mmol), TEA (TEA) (1.65 mL, 11.84 mmol) and DMF (12 mL) and solid PNPO-Lys-α-Boc-ε-CBz (2.84 g, 5.66 mmol) were reacted, and a product isolated, according to the method of Example 1.i. The product, DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈, was obtained as a colourless solid (1.94 g, 87%).

vi. DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈

DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ (994 mg, 0.26 mmol) was added, as a solid and in one portion, to a chilled (−78° C.) and magnetically stirred solution of liquid ammonia (ca. 90 mL) and sodium metal (ca. 200 mg) maintained under an atmosphere of argon. The cold bath was removed and the blue coloured reaction mixture was left to reflux at ambient temperatures for 40 mins. After this time, the reaction flask was re-chilled to −78° C. and dry methanol (3 mL) was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The now white coloured mixture was opened to the atmosphere and left to warm to Rt overnight. The resulting grey coloured solid residue was treated with methanol (ca. 200 mL). The suspension was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ (0.53 g, 73%) as a colourless foam.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA) ESI (+ve) m/z=1356 [M+2H]/2+, 905 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C130H248N30O30 2711.58 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2711.17. Rf (min)=13.1

vii. DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈

PyBOP (0.53 g, 1.01 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-NH₂]₈ (152 mg, 0.056 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (10 mL). A solution of hexanoic acid (0.10 g, 0.89 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.7 mL, 4.02 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (5 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Reaction mixture was poured into ACN (0.4 L) and filtered. The precipitate was dried in vacuo to give DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ as an off-white solid (0.16 g, 66%).

LC/MS (phobic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1166.47 ((M+3H)³⁺); 874.96 ((M+4H)⁴⁺). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=3496.50 (M+) Calculated (C₁₇₈H₃₂₈N₃₀O₃₈) 3496.74 (M+). Rf (min)=18.59

viii. DAH [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-COC5H12]₈

DAH [Lys]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ (126 mg, 0.036 mmol) dispersed in DCM (3 mL) was deprotected with a solution of TFA/DCM (1:1) (3 mL) as for Example 29.ii to give DAH [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ as a sticky white solid (0.15 g, 117%).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=899.38 ((M+3H)³⁺); 674.76 ((M+4H)⁴⁺). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2695.50 (M+, in the NH₂ form) Calculated (C₁₃₈H₂₆₄N₃₀O₂₂) 2695.80 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=15.87

ix. DAH [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-COC5H12]8

AH [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁]₈ (76 mg, 0.021 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (4 mL) and PyBOP (0.25 g, 0.48 mmol) were reacted with solution of 3,5-disulfobenzoic acid (0.16 g, 0.56 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (5 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give DAH [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ as a white solid (0.11 g, 75%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=686.05 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 600.21 ((M−8H)⁸⁻); 533.51 ((M−9H)⁹⁻); 480.14 ((M−10H)¹⁰⁻); 436.43 ((M−11H)¹¹⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=4809.50 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₉₄H₂₉₆N₃₀O₇₈S₁₆) 4809.70 (M−). Rf (min)=9.30

CE (pH 9): 76.4% purity Rf (min)=19.56

Example 33 DAH [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈

Example 33 is depicted in FIG. 10.

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴((Hex B)(Hex 8 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex B))⁴)⁸(((Hex B)(Hex B))⁴((Hex B))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph[SO3Na]₂ = B

DAH [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ (76 mg, 0.021 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (4 mL) and PyBOP (0.30 g, 0.57 mmol) were reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.21 g, 0.51 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (5 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give DAH [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-COC₅H₁₂]₈ as a white solid (0.16 g, 130%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=907.50 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 777.73 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 680.68 ((M−8H)⁸⁻); 604.44 ((M−9H)⁹⁻); 543.88 ((M−10H)¹⁰⁻); 494.54 ((M−11H)¹¹⁻); 453.32 ((M−12H)¹²⁻). Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give MW=5450.95 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₃₄H₃₂₈N₃₀O₈₆S₁₆) 5450.38 (M−). Rf (min)=9.27

CE (pH 9): 79.2% purity Rf (min)=17.03

Example 34 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((PEG B)(PEG B))⁴((PEG B)(PEG 8 CO₂PEG₃ = PEG B))⁴)⁸(((PEG B)(PEG B))⁴((PEG B)(PEG B))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CO-3,5-Ph[SO₃Na]₂ = B

i. PNPO—CO₂PEG₃

To an ice-cooled stirred mixture of triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether (2.5 g, 15.2 mmol), N-methylmorpholine (2.08 g, 20.6 mmol) and DMAP (93 mg, 0.76 mmol) in DCM was added 4-nitrophenylchloroformate (3.38 g, 16.75 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was left to warm to Rt overnight, then concentrated. The residue was taken up in EtOAc (120 mL) and washed with dil. HCl (2×100 mL, 1.0 M), saturated NaHCO₃ (100 mL), K₂CO₃ (5%, 4×100 mL) and brine. The organic phase was then dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated, providing 3.90 g (78%) of PNPO—CO₂PEG₃ as a pale yellow oil. LCMS (LC: phobic, TFA, RT=3.8 min.; MS (M_(calc). C₁₄H₁₉NO₈=329.31): 352 ([M+Na]⁺, 70%), 330 ([M+H]⁺, 48%). ¹H (CDCl₃): δ 8.27 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 4.42-4.45 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.74 (m, 6H), 3.55-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H).

i. HO-Lys-α-CO₂PEG₃-ε-Boc

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry HO—CO (CO₂PEG₃ Boc) 1 CO₂H 1 CO₂PEG₃ 1 Boc

To a stirred mixture of PNPO—CO₂PEG₃ (3.90 g, 11.84 mmol) in DMF (60 mL) was added HO-Lys-α-NH₂-ε-Boc (2.78 g, 11.28 mmol). The suspension was stirred at 60° C. overnight, then cooled and poured into NaHCO₃ solution (5%, 150 mL). The aqueous solution was then washed with EtOAc (2×150 mL), then acidified (HCl, 1.0 M, 180 mL). The aqueous phase was then washed with EtOAc (3×200 mL) again, and the last 3 extracts combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was then purified by silica gel chromatography (10% MeOH/90% DCM), providing HO-Lys-α-CO₂PEG₃-ε-Boc as a viscous oil (2.50 g, 51%).

LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=11.0 min; MS (M_(calc) C₁₉H₃₆N₂O₉=436.51): 459 ([M+Na]⁺, 20%), 337 ([M−BOC+H]⁺, 100%).

¹H (CDCl₃): δ 5.64 (br d, 1H), 4.03-4.41 (m, 3H), 3.52-3.71 (m, 9H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.20 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-Boc]₈

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ and (0.095 g, 0.048 mmol) and PyBOP (0.30 g, 0.57 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (10 mL) was reacted with a solution of HO-Lys-α-CO₂PEG₃-ε-Boc (0.20 g, 0.45 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with ACN. The precipitate, BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ was collected by filtration. (0.15 g, 68%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic): ESI (+ve) m/z=1377.1 ((M−3Boc)+H³⁺); 1008.2 ((M−4Boc)+H⁴⁻). Calculated MW=4431 (M+) Calculated (C₂₀₇H₃₆₉N₆₃O₇₁) 4428 (M+). Rf (min)=14.30

iii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈

BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-Boc]₈ (0.15 g, 0.034 mmol) suspended in DCM (4 mL). A solution of TFA/DCM (1:1) (4 mL) was added and the mixture stirred at Rt for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with Ether. Solvent was removed from the crude product, BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈ by decanting and the trituration repeated thrice.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic): ESI (+ve) m/z=1210.10 ((M³⁺+1H); 907.82 ((M⁴⁺+1H); 726.32 ((M⁵⁺+1H). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=3627 (M+, free base form) Calculated (free base form) (C₁₆₇H₃₀₅N₃₁O₅₅) 3627 (M+). Rf (min)=11.84

iv. BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈ (0.086 g, 0.019 mmol) and PyBOP (0.19 g, 0.37 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (4 mL) was reacted with a solution of 3,5-disulfobenzoic acid (0.10 g, 0.34 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.72 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ as white solid (0.15 g, 130%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (90H); 2.9-3.2, 3.2-3.4, 3.4-3.7, and 3.9-4.3 (165H); 6.0 (1H); 7.1-7.3 (10H); 8.2-8.4 (24H).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1912.76 ((M−3H)³⁻); 1434.27 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 1147.39 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 955.63 ((M−6H)⁶⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=5742 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₂₃H₃₃₇N₃₁O₁₁₁S₁₆) 5741 (M−). Rf (min)=6.54

CE (pH 9 method): 87.5% purity Rf (min)=11.09

Example 35 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-CO-4-PhSO₃Na]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((PEG B)(PEG B))⁴((PEG 8 CO₂PEG₃ = PEG B)(PEG B))⁴)⁸(((PEG B)(PEG CO-4-Ph[SO₃Na]))⁴((PEG B)(PEG B))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CO-4-Ph[SO₃Na] = B

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₈ (0.086 g, 0.019 mmol) and PyBOP (0.17 g, 0.33 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (4 mL) was reacted with a solution of 4-sulfobenzoic acid (0.07 g, 0.35 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.75 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) as for the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO₂PEG₃]₈ [ε-CO-4-PhSO₃Na]₈ as white solid (0.12 g, 120%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (90H); 2.9-3.1, 3.2-3.3, 3.4-3.6, and 3.9-4.3 (165H); 6.0 (1H); 7.1-7.3 (10H); 7.7-7.9 (32H).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1274.17 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 1019.09 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 849.10 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 727.71 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 636.78 ((M−8H)⁸⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=5100 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₂₃H₃₃₇N₃₁O₈₇S₈) 5101 (M−). Rf (min)=7.25

CE (pH 9): 93.11% Rf (min)=7.31

Example 36 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-CBz]₈ SPL7966

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A 8 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph[SO3Na]₂ = CBz))⁴)⁸(((A CBz) A (A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈[ε-CBz]₈ (35 mg, 0.009 mmol) and PyBOP (79 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (59 mg, 0.15 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₈[ε-CBz]₈ as a white solid (18 mg, 33%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 0.9-1.8 (90H); 2.7-3.1 (30H); 4.0-4.4 (15H); 5.9 (1H); 6.8-7.2 and 7.7-8.3 (90H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.5-4.9 ppm).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1185.65 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 987.78 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 846.66 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 740.78 ((M−8H)⁸⁻); 658.32 ((M−9H)⁹⁻). Data deconvoluted using transformation calculation to give MW=5934.40 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₆₃H₃₀₅N₃₁O₉₅S₁₆) 5933.43 (M−). Rf (min)=8.43

CE (pH 9): 72.8% purity Rf (min)=13.67

Example 37 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ SPL7862

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A 8 CO-3,5-Ph[SO3Na]₂ = A CBz))⁴)⁸(((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

A solution of (BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-CBz]₈) (0.102 g, 0.025 mmol) and PyBOP (0.29 g, 0.55 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (7 mL) was reacted with a solution of 3,5-disulfobenzoic acid (0.16 g, 0.55 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ as white solid (0.17 g, 124%). 1H mmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (90H); 2.8-3.3 (30H); 4.0-4.4 (15H); 6.0 (1H); 7.0-7.3 and 8.1-8.4 (74H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.6-5.0 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1762.92 ((M−3H)³⁻); 1321.95 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 1057.38 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=5295 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₇₃H₂₇₃N₃₁O₈₇S₁₆) 5293 (M−). Rf (min)=8.04

CE (pH 9 method): 83.7% purity Rf (min)=19.62

Example 38 BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₈ [ε-CBz]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A 8 CO-4-Ph[SO3Na] = A CBz))⁴)⁸(((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 CBz

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [ε-CBz]₈ (0.104 g, 0.025 mmol) and PyBOP (0.30 g, 0.57 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (7 mL) was reacted with a solution of 4-sulfobenzoic acid (0.12 g, 0.60 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₈[ε-CBz]₈ as white solid (0.17 g, 108%). 1H nmr indicated 4-sulfobenzoic acid was present. Product was recrystallised from methanol/water (1:1) to give a white solid (15 mg, 9%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (90H); 2.8-3.2 (30H); 4.0-4.4 (15H); 5.9 (1H); 7.0-7.3 and 7.6-7.8 (82H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.5-5.0 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=929.31 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 774.48 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 663.69 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 580.67 ((M−8H)⁸⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=4654 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₂₃H₂₇₃N₃₁O₆₃S₈) 4652 (M−). Rf (min)=9.65

CE (pH 9 method): 86.7% purity Rf (min)=14.3

Example 39 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 COCH₂O-3,6- (((A CBz) (A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Naph[SO3Na]₂ = A ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 CBz (((A CBz) (A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ (0.102 g, 0.013 mmol) and PyBOP (0.29 g, 0.56 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (10 mL) was reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.21 g, 0.51 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.5 mL, 2.87 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (5 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ as white solid (0.21 g, 136%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (186H); 2.73.1 (62H); 4.0-4.5 (31H); 6.0 (1H); 6.7-7.1 and 7.7-8.5 (170H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.6-5.0 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1180.00 ((M−10H)¹⁰⁻); 1073.00 ((M−11H)¹¹⁻); 983.46 ((M−12H)¹²⁻); 907.69 ((M−13H)¹³⁻); 842.85 ((M−14H)¹⁴⁻); 786.53 ((M−15H)¹⁵⁻); 737.25 ((M−16H)¹⁶⁻); 693.72 ((M−17H)¹⁵⁷⁻); 655.26 ((M−18H)¹⁸⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=11813 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₄₃₉H₅₄₅N₆₃O₁₇₅S₃₂) 11812 (M−). Rf (min)=7.34

CE (pH 9): 55:3% purity Rf (min)=20.23

Example 40 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆[ε-CBz]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸(((A 16 CO-3,5- CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Ph[SO3Na]₂ = A ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸(((A 16 CBz CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ (0.108 g, 0.013 mmol) and PyBOP (0.31 g, 0.59 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (7 mL) was reacted with a solution of 3,5-disulfobenzoic acid (0.17 g, 0.62 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂]₁₆[ε-CBz]₁₆ as white solid (0.20 g, 134%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.8 (186H); 2.8-3.3 (62H); 4.0-4.4 (31H); 6.0 (1H); 7.0-7.2 and 8.2-8.4 (138H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.6-5.0 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=876.84 ((M−12H)¹²⁻); 808.99 ((M−13H)¹³⁻); 751.20 ((M−14H)¹⁴⁻); 701.27 ((M−15H)¹⁵⁻); 657.37 ((M−16H)¹⁶⁻); 618.52 ((M−17H)¹⁷⁻); 584.21 ((M−18H)¹⁸⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=10533 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₄₃₉H₅₄₅N₆₃O₁₇₅S₃₂) 10531 (M−). Rf (min)-8.06

CE (pH 9 method): 69.5% purity Rf (min)=20.39

Example 41 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 CO-4-Ph(SO3Na) = A (((A CBz)(CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸ 16 CBz (((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴((A CBz)(A CBz))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

A solution of (BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆) (0.117 g, 0.014 mmol) and PyBOP (0.33 g, 0.63 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (7 mL) was reacted with a solution of 4-sulfobenzoic acid (0.14 g, 0.67 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.4 mL, 2.30 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (3 mL) according to the method of Example 29.iii to give BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [α-CO-4-Ph(SO₃Na)]₁₆ [ε-CBz]₁₆ as a white solid (0.17 g, 121%).

1H nmr (300 MHz, D₂O) λ (ppm): 1.0-1.9 (186H); 2.7-3.2 (62H); 4.0-4.4 (31H); 6.0 (1H); 6.9-7.2 and 7.6-7.8 (154H). Note the CH₂O protons are obscured by the water peak (4.6-5.0 ppm).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z 924.00 ((M−10H)¹⁰⁻); 840.02 ((M−11H)¹¹⁻); 769.81 ((M−12H)¹²⁻); 710.61 ((M−13H)¹³⁻); 659.78 ((M−14H)¹⁴⁻); 615.74 ((M−15H)¹⁵⁻); 577.34 ((M−16H)¹⁶⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=9252 (M−, in the H form) Calculated (H form) (C₄₃₉H₅₄₅N₆₃O₁₂₇S₁₆) 9250 (M−). Rf (min)=9.08

CE (pH 9 method): 78.0% purity Rf (min)=18.07

Example 42 BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [ε,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((A A)(Boc Boc))⁴((A A)(Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 4 COCH₂O-3, 6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = A 4 Boc

A solution of BHALys [GlyLys₂(Boc)₂(NH₂)₂]₂ (34 mg, 0.021 mmol) and PyBOP (0.11 g, 0.21 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.07 g, 0.13 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with acetonitrile. The precipitate was collected by filtration and purified on a desalting column (PD-10). Eluent was freeze dried to give BHALys [GlyLys₂(Boc)₂(COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂)₂]₂ as a white solid (15 mg, 27%).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=989.89 ((M−3H)³⁻); 741.94 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 593.56 ((M−5H)⁵⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2972.50 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₂₇H₁₆₇N₁₇O₄₉S₈) 2972.29 (M−). Rf (min)=9.57

Example 43 BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [α,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Hex Hex)(B B))⁴((Hex Hex)(B B))⁴)⁸ 4 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex 4 COCH₂O-3, 6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = B

i. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂

A solution of BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-NH₂]₂ [ε,ε-NH₂]₂ (42 mg, 0.026 mmol) and PyBOP (0.13 g, 0.25 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was reacted with a solution of hexanoic acid (27 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) according to the method of Example 29.i to give BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂ as a greyish solid which was used directly for the next step.

ii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α,ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂

BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-Boc]₂ [α,ε-Boc]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂ dispersed in DCM (1 mL) was deprotected with a solution of TFA/DCM (1:1) (2 mL) according to the method of Example 29.ii to give BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α,ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂ as a white solid (28 mg, 47% for two steps). LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1587.22 (M+); 794.51 ((M+2H)²⁺); 529.93 ((M+3H)³⁺). Calculated (C₈₃H₁₄₃N₁₇O₁₃) 1587.13 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=8.94

iii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [α,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂

A solution of BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [α,α-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α,ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₂ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₂ (21 mg, 0.010 mmol) and PyBOP (0.07 g, 0.13 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.03 g, 0.08 mmol) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 2.87 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water and purified by size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex LH-20). Dendrimer containing fractions were, freeze dried to give BHALys [GlyLys₂ (COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂)₂(hexyl)₂]₂ as a white solid (11 mg, 34%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1480.87 ((M−2H)²⁻); 986.96 ((M−3H)³⁻); 740.14 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 592.10 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 493.54 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 423.39 ((M−7H)⁷⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=2965.00 (M+1, in H form) Calculated (H form), (C₁₃₁H₁₇₅N₁₇O₄₅S₈) 2964.40 (M−). Rf (min)=9.26

Example 44

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry 8 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = B

BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄

A solution of BHALys₂ [GlyLys₂(Boc)₂(NH₂)₂]₄ (33 mg, 0.011 mmol) and PyBOP (0.12 g, 0.24 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was reacted with a solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.07 g, 0.13 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with acetonitrile. The precipitate was collected by filtration purified on a desalting column (PD-10). Eluent was freeze dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ as a white solid (25 mg, 38%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1471.44 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 1177.16 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 980.55 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 840.35 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 735.26 ((M−8H)⁸⁻); 653.40 ((M−9H)⁹⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=5890.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₄₇H₃₃₃N₃₅O₉₉S₁₆) 5889.50 (M−). Rf (min)=9.55

Example 45 BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [α,εCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Hex Hex)(B B))⁴((Hex Hex)(B B))⁴)⁸ 8 COC₅H₁₂ = Hex (((Hex Hex) (B B))⁴((Hex Hex)(B B))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 8 COCH₂O-3,6- Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = B

i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

A solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-NH₂]₄ [ε,ε-NH₂]₄ (43 mg, 0.014 mmol) and PyBOP (0.13 g, 0.25 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was reacted with a solution of hexanoic acid (27 mg, 0.23 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) according to the method of Example 29.i to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a greyish solid which was used directly for the next step.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [α,ε-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-Boc]₄ [α,ε-Boc]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ dispersed in DCM (1 mL) was deprotected with a solution of TFA/DCM (1:1) (2 mL) according to the method of Example 29.ii to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [α,ε-NH₂.TFA]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄ as a white solid (44 mg, 80% for two steps).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1560.69 ((M+2H)²⁺); 1040.77 ((M+3H)³⁺); 780.72 ((M+4H)⁴⁺); 624.85 ((M+5H)⁵⁺). Calculated (C₁₅₉H₂₈₅N₃₅O₂₇) 3119.18 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=9.29

iii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [GlyLys]₄ [Lys]₈ [α,α-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [α,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₄ [ε,α-COC₅H₁₂]₄ [ε,ε-COC₅H₁₂]₄

PyBOP (0.06 g, 0.12 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys₂ [GlyLys₂ (NH₂.TFA)₂(hexyl)₂]₄ (21 mg, 0.005 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.04 g, 0.09 mmol) and DIPEA (0.6 mL, 3.44 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water and purified by size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex LH-20). Dendrimer containing fractions were freeze dried to give BHALys₂ [GlyLys₂ (COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂)₂(hexyl)₂]₄ as a white solid (6 mg, 18%).

LC/MS (Ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1467.17 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 1173.62 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 978.28 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 838.08 ((M−7H)⁷⁻); 733.26 ((M−8H)⁸⁻); 651.74 ((M−9H)⁹⁻); 586.64 ((M−10H)¹⁰⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=5875.00 (M+1, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₂₅₅H₃₄₉N₃₅O₉₁S₁₆) 5873.72 (M−). Rf (min)=10.12

Example 46 BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((CBzCBz)(B B))⁴((B B)(B B))⁴)⁸ 2 CBz 6 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = B

i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [NH₂.TFA]₆

A solution of TFA (0.5 mL) was added slowly to BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆ (30 mg, 0.015 mmol) dispersed in acetic acid (0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [NH₂.TFA]₆ as a pale yellow oil (31 mg, 99%).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1348.67 ((M+)); 675.09 ((M+2H)²⁺). Calculated (C₇₁H₁₀₉N₁₅O₁₁) 1348.72 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=7.54

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆

PyBOP (0.15 g, 0.29 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [NH₂.TFA]₆ (31 mg, 0.015 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.11 g, 0.28 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water and purified by size exclusion chromatography (Sephadex LH-20). Dendrimer containing fractions were freeze dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [CBz]₂ [Lys]₃ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆ as a white solid (4 mg, 7%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1706.45 ((M−2H)²⁻); 1137.01 ((M−3H)³⁻); 852.50 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 681.88 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 568.40 ((M−6H)⁶⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=3415.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₄₃H₁₅₇N₁₅O₅₉S₁₂) 3414.62 (M−). Rf (min)=10.55

Example 47

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((A A)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc) 2 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = A (Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc

BHALys [Lys]₂ [α,ε-Lys] [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ [Lys]₃ [Boc]₆

PyBOP (0.02 g, 0.03 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys₄ [Boc]₆[NH₂]₂ (4 mg, 0.002 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO—₃Na)₂ (0.01 g, 0.02 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (50 μL, 0.29 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with acetonitrile. The crude product was collected by filtration and triturated with water. The precipitate was dried in vacuo to give BHALys₄ [Boc]₆ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₂ as a greyish solid (3 mg, 53%).

Example 48 BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((CBz CBz)(B B))⁴((B B)(B 2 CBz B))⁴)⁸ 6 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = B

i. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂

A solution of TFA (0.5 mL) was added slowly to BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ (25 mg, 0.012 mmol) dispersed in acetic acid (0.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ as a pale yellow oil (24 mg, 92%).

LC/MS (philic) ESI (+ve) m/z=1463.88 ((M+1)⁺); 732.29 ((M+2H)²⁺); 488.55 ((M+3H)³⁺). Calculated (C₇₅H₁₁₅N₁₇O₁₃) 1462.82 (NH₂ form). Rf (min)=7.25

ii. BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂

PyBOP (0.11 g, 0.21 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys [GlyLys₂(NH₂.TFA)₃(CBz)]₂ (24 mg, 0.011 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.08 g, 0.20 mmol) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 2.87 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with acetonitrile. The precipitate was collected by filtration purified on a desalting column (PD-10). Eluent was freeze dried to give BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂]₆ [ε,ε-CBz]₂ as a white solid (18 mg, 42%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1175.22 ((M−3H)³⁻); 881.14 ((M−4H)⁴⁻); 704.63 ((M−5H)⁵⁻); 587.24 ((M−6H)⁶⁻); 503.50 ((M−7H)⁷⁻). Data deconvoluted using maximum entropy calculation to give MW=3529.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₄₇H₁₆₃N₁₇O₆₁S₁₂) 3528.72 (M−). Rf (min)=10.34

Example 49 BHALys [GlyLys]₂ [Lys]₄ [Boc]₆ [ε,ε-COCH₂O-3,6-Naph (SO₃Na)₂]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((A A)(Boc Boc))⁴((Boc Boc) 2 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ = A (Boc Boc))⁴)⁸ 6 Boc

PyBOP (0.08 g, 0.14 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of BHALys [GlyLys₂(Boc)₃(NH₂)]₂ (19 mg, 0.011 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (2 mL). A solution of HOCOCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂ (0.05 g, 0.12 mmol) and DIPEA (0.1 mL, 0.57 mmol) in DMF/DMSO (1:1) (1 mL) was added gradually. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue triturated with acetonitrile. The precipitate was collected by filtration purified on a desalting column (PD-10). Eluent was freeze dried to give BHALys [GlyLys₂(Boc)₃(COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₃Na)₂)]₂ as a white solid (10 mg, 37%).

LC/MS (ion Pairing): ESI (−ve) m/z=1240.91 ((M−2H)²⁻); 826.99 ((M−3H)³⁻); 620.01 ((M−4H)⁴⁻). Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give MW=2484.00 (M−, in H form) Calculated (H form) (C₁₁₃H₁₆₇N₁₇O₃₇S₄) 2483.89 (M−). Rf (min)=10.55

Example 50 Antiviral Efficacy of Macromolecules with Controlled Surface Topology

MT-2 cells are infected with the T cell tropic NL4.3 strain of HIV-1 in the presence of 6, 5-fold serial concentrations of compound in triplicate wells of a 96 well plate. In the same plate, cells are exposed to the same drug concentrations in the absence of virus to determine the cytotoxic concentrations of the compound. The prototype macromolecule, SPL7103, which inhibits HIV replication, is tested in each assay as a positive control [see Dezzutti C S, James V N, Ramos A, Sullivan S T, Siddig A, Bush T J, Grohskopf L A, Paxton L, Subbarao S, Hart C E. In vitro comparison of topical microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004; 48: 3834-44].

After 6 days incubation at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator, cell viability of both virus-infected and uninfected cells is determined by incubating cells for 3-4 hours with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) according to manufacturer's instructions (CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation assay (Promega, Madison Wis.)). The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is calculated for each drug from dose response curves using XLfit 4.1 software (ID Business Solutions Ltd, Guildford, Surrey, UK). Data from this assay is tabulated in Table 5.

TABLE 24 Antiviral activities for macromolecules with controlled surface stoichiometry EC₅₀* Ex. # Topology A + B A:B A B (ug/ml) Set^(#) 29 ABABABAB 8 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ COC₅H₁₂ 23.8 1 30 ABABABAB 8 1:1 COC₅H₁₂ COCH₂O-3,6- 58.3 1 Naph(SO₃Na)₂ 31 ABABABAB 8 1:1 CO-4-PhSO₃Na COC₅H₁₂ 344 32 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂ COC₅H₁₂ 5.8 33 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ COC₅H₁₂ 0.71 3 34 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 CO₂PEG₃ CO-3,5- 84.5 Ph(SO₃Na)₂ 35 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 CO₂PEG₃ CO-4-PhSO₃Na >500 36 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ CBz 3.2 37 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂ CBz 2 38 ABABABAB × 2 16 1:1 CO-4-PhSO₃Na CBz 2.2 39 ABABABAB × 4 32 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ CBz 2.4 40 ABABABAB × 4 32 1:1 CO-3,5-Ph(SO₃Na)₂ CBz 3.2 41 ABABABAB × 4 32 1:1 CO-4-PhSO₃Na CBz 4.2 42 AABB AABB 8 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ Boc 10.6 43 AABB AABB 8 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ COC₅H₁₂ 0.24 1 44 AABB AABB × 2 16 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ Boc 0.33 45 AABB AABB × 2 16 1:1 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ COC₅H₁₂ 0.37 3 46 AABB BBBB 8 1:3 CBz COCH₂O-3,6- 0.14 Naph(SO₃Na)₂ 47 AABB BBBB 8 1:3 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ Boc >50 2 48 AABB BBBB 8 1:3 CBz COCH₂O-3,6- 0.13 Naph(SO₃Na)₂ 49 ABBB ABBB 8 1:3 COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ Boc 2.2 2 SPL7013 32 — COCH₂O-3,6-Naph(SO₋₃Na)₂ — 1.5 *All compounds showed CC₅₀ values >250 ug/ml ^(#)Sets of compounds in which the surface stoichiometry of functional moieties is the same, but for which the topology is different.

This data serves to demonstrate that macromolecules which have different topologies of the same surface functional moiety stoichiometry behave differently when interacting with a physico-chemical environment. It is important also to highlight the potent anti-HIV activity of Examples 46 and 48, which can be seen to be considerably more active than SPL7013 which is a macromolecule with only a single type of Functional moiety on the surface.

ADME Examples Example 51 BHALys [Lys]₈ [PEG₂₀₀]₁₆

To a stirred solution of BHA[Lys]₈TFA₁₆ (125 mg, 0.03 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added PyBOP (556 mg, 1.0 mmol), followed by a solution of PEG 200 (240 mg, 1.0 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (709 μL, 4.0 mmol) in DMF (16 mL) and DMSO (2 mL). The solution was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (180 mL) and filtered and washed with water. The aqueous solution was transferred to a 3K stirred cell and water was passed through the cell, remaining water was removed by freeze drying to give a free flowing white solid (20 mg, 11%)

LC/MS (Philic TFA): Rf (min)=16.72. ESI (+ve) m/z=5598 (M+H⁺).

Example 52 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [PEG₂₀₀]₃₂

To a stirred solution of BHA[Lys]₁₆TFA₃₂ (30 mg, 0.004 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) under argon was added PyBOP (142 mg, 0.271 mmol), followed by a solution of PEG 200 (62 mg, 0.263 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (182 μL, 1.04 mmol) in DMF (3 mL). The solution was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting crude mixture was dissolved in a minimum volume of water. Purification by sephadex column (LH-20) using water as the eluent gave the desired product as a white solid (20 mg, 44%) after removing the water by freeze drying.

LC/MS (Philic TFA): Rf (min)=16.74 ESI (+ve) m/z=11,141 (M+H⁺).

Example 53 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [PEG₅₇₀]₃₂

To a stirred solution of BHA[Lys]₁₆TFA₃₂ (20 mg, 0.003 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL) under nitrogen was added TEA (36 μL, 0.261 mmol) and PEG 685.75, NHS ester (119 mg, 0.174 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The solution was poured into a 5K stirred cell and water (600 mL) was passed through the cell, remaining water was removed by freeze drying (×2) to give a glassy solid (50 mg, 88%). LC (Philic TFA): Rf (min) 12.42.

Example 54 BHALys [Lys]₈ [PEG_(2KD)]₁₆

To a stirred solution of BHA[Lys]₈TFA₁₆ (30 mg, 0.008 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL) under nitrogen was added PyBOP (141 mg, 0.271 mmol), followed by a solution of PEG 2000, NHS ester (612 mg, 0.306 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (180 μL, 1.04 mmol) in DMF (1.4 mL) and DMSO (0.6 mL). The solution was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was poured into a 10K stirred cell and water (800 mL) was passed through the cell, remaining water was removed by freeze drying to give a free flowing white solid (149 mg, 54%).

Example 55 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [PEG_(2KD)]₃₂ SPL 7709

To a stirred solution of BHA[Lys]₁₆TFA₃₂ (30 mg, 0.004 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL) under argon was added PyBOP (142 mg, 0.272 mmol), followed by a solution of PEG 2000, NHS ester (522 mg, 0.261 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (182 μL, 1.04 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) and DMSO (1 mL). The solution was stirred at Rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water and filtered and washed with water. Purification was performed by tangential flow filtration on a Mini-mate (10K membrane, 2 L of water). Solvent was removed by freeze drying to give a free flowing white solid (210 mg, 76%)

LC/MS (Philic TFA): Rf (min)=16.29 ESI (+ve) m/z=67,696 (M+H⁺)

Example 56 BHALys [Lys]₂ [Su(NPN)₂]₄ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₄ [COPEG₁₂]₄

This example is depicted graphically in FIG. 11.

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug 16 COPEG₁₂ = PEG PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸ 16 γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu = Drug

i. EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [NH₂]

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [CBz] (0.88 g, 1.77 mmol) in DMF/H₂O (9:1, 20 mL) was added ammonium formate (224 mg, 3.55 mmol) and Pd/C (10%, 470 mg). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature, then filtered (0.2 μm PALL filter disc) and concentrated. The residue was taken up in water and concentrated (2×). This was then repeated with MeOH and DCM, providing 0.54 g (84%) of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [NH₂] as a clear colourless oil. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=6.2 min; MS (M_(calc) C₁₇H₃₃N₃O₅=359.47): 360 ([M+H]⁺, 100%). ¹H (CDCl₃): δ 5.30 (br s, 1H), 4.80 (br s, 1H), 4.12 (q, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.29-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.80 (m, 6H), 1.60-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.42, 1.43 (2s, 9H), 1.25 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 3H).

ii. EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [COPEG₁₂]

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [NH₂] (157 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TEA (121 μl, 0.87 mmol) and NHS—COPEG₁₂ (300 mg, 0.44 mmol) as a DCM (2 mL) solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, concentrated, then purified by flash column chromatography (2-10% MeOH/DCM, providing 331 mg (82%) of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [COPEG₁₂] as a clear colourless oil. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=8.2 min; MS (M_(calc) C₄₃H₈₃N₃O₁₈=930.15): 948 ([M+NH₄]⁺, 12%), 931 ([M+H]⁺, 2%), 416 (½[M−BOC+2H⁺], 100%) ¹H (CDCl₃): δ 7.10 (br s, 1H), 7.03 (br s, 1H), 4.16 (q, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.66 (m, 36H), 3.52-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 2.96-3.42 (m, 7H), 3.37 (s, 4H), 2.70 (s, 4H), 2.60 (m, 4H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.41, 1.43 (2s, 9H), 1.24 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 3H).

iii. EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [NH₂.TFA] [COPEG₁₂]

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [COPEG₁₂] (180 mg, 0.19 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.50 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h, concentrated, H₂O added and concentrated (2×). The residue was then taken up in H₂O again (20 mL), filtered (0.2 μm PALL filter disc) then freeze-dried, providing 0.17 g (93%) of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [NH₂.TFA] [COPEG₁₂] as a clear colourless oil. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=5.9 min; MS (M_(calc) C₃₈H₇₅N₃O₁₆=830.03): 831 ([M+H]⁺, 7%), 425 (½[M+Na⁺+H⁺], 30%), 416 (½[M+2H⁺], 100%). ¹H (D₂O): δ 4.17 (q, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.62-3.75 (m, 43H), 3.38-3.53 (m, 4H), 3.40 (s, 3H), 2:90-3.31 (m, 4H), 2.77 (s, 4H), 2.64-2.89 (m, 4H), 2.52-2.58 (m, 2H), 1.72-2.11 (m, 4H), 1.13 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 3H).

iv. EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂]

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [NH₂.TFA] [COPEG₁₂] (30 mg, 31.7 μmol) and MTX-α-OtBu (16.2 mg, 31.7 μmol) {C. L. Francis, Q. Yang, N. K. Hart, F. Widmer, M. K. Manthey and H. Ming He-Williams, Aust. J. Chem. 2002, 55, 635} in DMF (0.5 mL) at 0° C. was added PyBOP (18 mg, 34.8 μmol) and DIPEA (23 μL, 0.127 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then room temperature for 3 h. The DMF was removed, and the residue purified by preparative TLC (7% MeOH, 93% DCM, Rf=0.3) providing 23 mgs (55%) of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] as an orange oil. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=8.0 min; MS (M_(calc) C₆₂H₁₀₃N₁₁O₂₀=1322.57): 1323 ([M+H]⁺, 2%), 662 (½[M+2H⁺], 17%), 634 (½[M−tBu+2H⁺], 82%). ¹H (CD₃OD): δ 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.28 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95-8.05 (m, 1H), 7.72-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.36-4.47 (m, 1H), 4.07 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.61-3.78 (m, 50H), 3.18-3.38 (m, 12H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.48 (m, 4H), 1.75-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.21 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 3H).

v. HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂]

To a stirred mixture of EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] (109 mg, 82.4 μmol) in THF/H₂O (2:1, 9 mL) was added NaOH (0.16 mL, 1.0M). The reaction was left to stir for 16 h at room temperature, and additional NaOH added if required (reaction judged by tlc). After the reaction was complete the pH was adjusted to neutral with HCl (1.0M). The solvent was then removed, the residue taken up in MeOH, and filtered to remove salt. The residue was then purified by preparative TLC (18% MeOH, 82% DCM, Rf=0.4) providing 52 mgs (49%) of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] as an orange oil. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=6.8 min; MS (M_(calc) C₆₀H₉₉N₁₁O₂₀=1294.52): 1317 ([M+Na]⁺, 3%), 1295 ([M+H]⁺, 2%), 648 (½[M+2H⁺], 10%), 620 (½[M−tBu+2H⁺], 74%), 419 (100%).

vi. BHALys[Lys]₂[Su(NPN)₂(MTX-□-OtBu)(PEG₁₂Me)]₄

To a stirred mixture of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] (10 mg, 7.7 μmol) and BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (1.43 mg, 1.4 μmol) in DMF (1.2 mL) at 0° C. was added PyBOP (4.0 mg, 7.7 μmol) and DIPEA (3.9 μL, 22.4 μmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, then rt for 3 h. The DMF was removed, and the residue purified by PREP HPLC (Waters Xterra MS C₁₈, 10 μm, 19×250 mm, 30-60% ACN, 0.1% TFA, 8 mL/min, RT=34 min), providing 2 mg (25%) of the desired dendrimer. LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=8.0 min; MS: 1136 (⅕[M+5H⁺], 18%), 946 (⅙[M+6H⁺], 100%), 812 ( 1/7[M+7H⁺], 22%) Transforms to 5,673.34. (M_(calc) C₂₇₁H₄₃₇N₅₁O₇₉=5,673.80).

Example 57 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su(NPN)₂]₈ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₈ [COPEG₁₂]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 8 COPEG₁₂ = PEG PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴ 8 γ-CO-MTX-α- ((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ OtBu = Drug

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] with BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su(NPN)₂]₈ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₈ [COPEG₁₂]₈: 25 mg (63%, 1.32 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, RT 54 min).

LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.0 min; MS: 1614 ( 1/7[M+7H⁺], 26%), 1413 (⅛[M+8H⁺], 73%), 1256 ( 1/9[M+9H⁺], 100%) Transforms to 11,294.54. (M_(calc) C₅₃₅H₈₇₃N₁₀₃O₁₅₉=11,292.52).

Example 58 BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₁₂]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 16 COPEG₁₂ = PEG PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴ 16 γ-CO-MTX-α- ((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ OtBu = Drug ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴ ((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] with BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₁₂]₁₆

15 mg (65%, 1.27 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, Rt 66 min). LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.0 min; MS: 2254 ( 1/10[M+10H⁺], 24%), 2049 ( 1/11[M+11H⁺], 56%), 1879 ( 1/12[M+12H⁺], 100%), 1734 ( 1/13[M+13H⁺], 55%) Transforms to 22,531.91 (M_(calc) C₁₀₆₃H₁₇₄₅N₂₀₇O₃₁₉=22,529.73).

Example 59 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [Su(NPN)₂]₃₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₃₂ [COPEG₁₂]₃₂

Surface Surface Topology Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PLG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 32 COPEG₁₂ = PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 32 γ-CO-MTX- ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug α- OtBu = PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) Drug (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₁₂] with BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [NH₂.TFA]₃₂ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [Su(NPN)₂]₃₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₃₂ [COPEG₁₂]₃₂: 21 mg (45%, 1.31 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, RT 71 min). LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.2 min; MS: (M_(calc) C₂₁₁₉H₃₄₈₉N₄₁₅O₆₃₉=45,004.27), MALDI, 40,697 (broad hump).

Example 60 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su(NPN)₂]₈ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₈ [COPEG₂₄]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 8 COPEG₂₄ = PEG PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug 8 γ-CO-MTX-α- PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ OtBu = Drug

i. HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄]

This material was prepared in stepwise fashion from EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [NH₂] and NHS—COPEG₂₄ by way of the method for Example 56.ii to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [COPEG₂₄]; the Boc group was removed by way of the method for Example 56.iii to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [NH₂.TFA] [COPEG₂₄]; the MTX-α-OtBu was added by way of the method for 56.iv to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄] and the ester was hydrolysed by way of the method for 56.v to provide HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄].

LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=7.3 min; MS (M_(calc) C₈₄H₁₄₇N₁₁O₃₂=1823.10): 921 (½[M+NH₄+H]⁺, 9%), 912 (½[M+2H⁺], 12%), 608 (⅓[M+3H⁺], 100%), 461 (¼[M+NH₄+3H]⁺, 35%.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su(NPN)₂]₈ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₈ [COPEG₂₄]₈

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄] with BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₄ [Su(NPN)₂]₈ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₈ [COPEG₂₄]₈ 25 mg (62%, 0.96 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, RT 66 min).

LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.2 min; MS: 1726 ( 1/9[M+9H⁺], 25%), 1553 ( 1/10[M+10H⁺], 63%), 1412 ( 1/11 [M+11H⁺], 77%), 1294 ( 1/12[M+12H⁺], 100%), 1195 ( 1/13[M+13H⁺], 83%) Transforms to 15,521.12. (M_(calc) C₇₂₇H₁₂₅₇N₁₀₃O₂₅₅=15,521.15).

Example 61 BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₂₄]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) 16 COPEG₂₄ = PEG (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) 16 γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu = Drug (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG) (Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄] with BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₈ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₂₄]₁₆: 39 mg (66%, 0.93 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, RT 70 min). LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.4 min; MS: Deconvoluted with Max Ent to 31,033 (M_(calc) C₁₄₄₇H₂₅₁₃N₂₀₇O₅₁₁=30,987.22).

Example 62 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [Su(NPN)₂]₃₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₃₂ [COPEG₂₄]₃₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 32 COPEG24 = PEG PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 32 γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu = Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₄] with BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [NH₂.TFA]₈ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [Su(NPN)₂]₃₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₃₂ [COPEG₂₄]₃₂: 38 mg (49%, 0.95 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 90 min, RT 70 min). LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT 9.5 min; MS: (M_(calc) C₂₈₈₇H₅₀₂₅N₄₁₅O₁₀₂₃=61, 919.36)

Example 63 BHALys [Lys]₁₆ [Su(NPN)₂]₃₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₃₂ [COPEG₂₄]₃₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 16 COPEG₂₄= PEG PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug 16 γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu = Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸(((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴((Drug PEG)(Drug PEG))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

i. HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₃₀₀]

This material was prepared in stepwise fashion from EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [NH₂] and NHS—COPEG₂₃₀₀ by way of the method for Example 56.ii to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [Boc] [COPEG₂₃₀₀]; the Boc group was removed by way of the method for Example 56.iii to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [NH₂.TFA] [COPEG₂₃₀₀]; the MTX-α-OtBu was added by way of the method for 56.iv to provide EtO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₃₀₀] and the ester was hydrolysed by way of the method for 56.v to provide HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₃₀₀].

LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=7.8 min; MS (M_(calc) C₁₃₈H₂₅₀N₁₆O₅₆=3029.6): 758 (¼[M+4H⁺], 100%), 607 (⅕[M+5H⁺], 67%), 506 (⅙[M+6H⁺], 22%), Transforms to 3,029.2. (M_(calc) C₁₃₈H₂₅₀N₁₆O₅₆=3029.6). ¹H (CDCl₃): δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.71 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.52 (m, 2H), 6.64-7.14 (m, 8H), 6.20 (m, 1H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 4.42-4.58 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.78 (m, 170H), 3.38-3.46 (m, 10H), 3.14-3.28 (m, 6H), 2.65-3.12 (m, 10H), 2.50-2.60 (m, 4H), 2.31-2.49 (m, 10H), 2.14-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.02-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.97 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.83 (m, 2H) 1.50-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.36-1.44 (m, 2H).

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₂₃₀₀]₁₆

The reaction of HO-Su(NPN)₂ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu] [COPEG₂₃₀₀] with BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ was carried out according to the method of Example 56.vi to provide BHALys [Lys]₈ [Su(NPN)₂]₁₆ [γ-CO-MTX-α-OtBu]₁₆ [COPEG₂₃₀₀]₁₆: 7 mg (23%, 0.57 mCi/g) PREP HPLC (5-60% ACN, 80 min, RT 62 min). LCMS (LC: philic, TFA, RT=9.8 min; MS: (M_(calc) C₂₃₁₁H₄₁₆₁N₂₈₇O₈₉₅=50,291.22).

Example 64 Plasma Clearance Studies for Radiolabelled Macromolecules

Tritiated poly-lysine macromolecules were dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4) and frozen until required. Rats were intravenously administered 5 mg/kg of macromolecule via an indwelling cannula (implanted in the jugular vein) over 2 min.

Immediately following dosing, a blood sample (t=0) was collected via an indwelling carotid artery cannula and placed in a heparinised eppendorf tube.

Blood samples were then collected at predetermined intervals for the following 30 hr, and the plasma separated. In addition, urine and faeces were collected at 0-8 hr, 8-24 hr and 24-30 hr. At sacrifice (30 hr after the intravenous dose) the major organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung and brain) were collected and weighed. The tritium content of plasma, urine, faeces and the various tissue samples were determined using validated scintillation assays.

Data from Example 64 is tabulated in Table 25, and shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B.

TABLE 25 Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Radiolabelled Macromolecules % of ³H dose MW excreted in Macromolecule Example (kDa) plasma T½ (h) total urine (PEG₂₀₀)₁₆ 51 6 0.25 ± 0.04 82.2 ± 6.4  (PEG₂₀₀)₃₂ 52 11.1 0.72 ± 0.03 80.4 ± 13.6 (PEG₁₂)₃₂ 53 22.4 9.45 ± 0.42 42.9 ± 2.7  (PEG_(2KD))₁₆ 54 34.1 23.90 ± 2.56  26.0 ± 4.6  (PEG_(2KD))₃₂ 55 67 75.35 ± 9.3  3.1 ± 1.9 (PEG₁₂)₄(MTX)₄ 56 — — (PEG₁₂)₈(MTX)₈ 57 11.3  4.0 ± 1.8^(a) 56.1 ± 8.7  (PEG₁₂)₁₆(MTX)₁₆ 58 22.5  9.0 ± 0.2^(a) 29.0 ± 3.4  (PEG₁₂)₃₂(MTX)₃₂ 59 45.0 23.7 ± 5.0  2.4 ± 0.5 (PEG₂₄)₈(MTX)₈ 60 15.5  3.9 ± 0.1^(a) 64.2 ± 4.6  (PEG₂₄)₁₆(MTX)₁₆ 61 31.0 21.0 ± 1.7  — (PEG₂₄)₃₂(MTX)₃₂ 62 61.9 51.4 ± 2.7  1.2 ± 0.1 (PEG₂₃₀₀)₁₆(MTX)₁₆ 63 50.3 34.1 ± 1.1  8.7 ± 1.6

Molecular Modelling Example 65 Simulation of a 4^(th) Generation BHALys-polylysine Macromolecule

Simulation of 5 types of a BHA substituted (L)-lysine core macromolecule consisting of 4 layers of lysine building units was undertaken.

The asymmetric sets contained the following topological isomers:

Macromolecule Topological description Type 1: 16-tet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 2: Octet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((AA)(AA))⁴)⁸(((BB)(BB))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 3: Quartet cluster ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(AA))⁴((BB)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 4: Couplet cluster ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸(((AA)(BB))⁴((AA)(BB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ Type 5: No cluster ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ ((((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸(((AB)(AB))⁴((AB)(AB))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

The initial structure was constructed using a computer program which uses stochastic searching to build an extended structure and minimise the number of close contacts. This structure was then placed in a water box and equilibrated according to the protocol shown in FIG. 20. The composition of the entire system is shown in Table 26.

TABLE 26 Composition of the polylysine macromolecule used in the simulation. Number Number of atoms per Total number of Component of molecules molecule atoms Dendrimer 1 710 710 Water 8254 3 24762 Na⁺ 126 1 126 Cl⁻ 158 1 158 Total 25756

The equilibrated macromolecule thus obtained was simulated for a further 12 ns. During this simulation, temperature was maintained at 300 K using Langevin temperature coupling, while pressure was maintained at 1 atm using Nosé-Hoover pressure coupling.

Simulations were carried out using the OPLS-AA force field (Jorgensen, W. L et al. (1996). J. Am. Chem. Soc 118, 11225-11236) and the molecular dynamics software NAMD. (Kalé, L. et al (1999) J. Comp. Phys. 151, 283-312). Where necessary, additional torsional parameters were obtained by adopting related torsional parameters already present in the force field. Water molecules were treated explicitly using the TIP3P water model, an implementation of which was present in the OPLS-AA force field. (Jorgensen, W. L et al. (1983). J. Chem. Phys. 79, 926-935).

The resulting simulation trajectories were visually inspected using the trajectory visualisation software, VMD, and the program Sybyl. In addition, two types of distances were calculated. The first is the distance distribution (1), the set of all A-B distances. The second distance is the separation between the centres of mass of the two sets of atoms (2); this distance acts as a quantitative measure of polarisation, and is computed in a similar manner as electric and magnetic dipole moments.

$\begin{matrix} {{s = \sqrt{\left( {x_{B} - x_{A}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{B} - y_{A}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{B} - z_{A}} \right)^{2}}}{{{\overset{\_}{n}}_{B}\left( {k \leq s \leq l} \right)} = \frac{\int_{k}^{l}{{F(s)}\ {s}}}{N_{f}}}{{P_{B}\left( {k \leq s \leq l} \right)} = \frac{{\overset{\_}{n}}_{B}\left( {k \leq s \leq l} \right)}{N_{A}}}} & (1) \\ {S = \sqrt{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{\frac{1}{N_{B}}{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N_{B}}x_{B}}} - {\frac{1}{N_{A}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N_{A}}x_{A}}}} \right)^{2} + \left( {{\frac{1}{N_{B}}{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N_{B}}y_{B}}} - {\frac{1}{N_{A}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N_{A}}y_{A}}}} \right)^{2} +} \\ \left( {{\frac{1}{N_{B}}{\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N_{B}}z_{B}}} - {\frac{1}{N_{A}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N_{A}}z_{A}}}} \right)^{2} \end{matrix}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

where (x_(A), y_(A), z_(A)) and (x_(B), y_(B), z_(B)) are the Cartesian coordinates of any atom in a set of atoms A and in another set of atoms B respectively; N_(A) and N_(B) are the total numbers of atoms in the sets A and B; N_(f) is the total number of frames considered; s is the distance between an atom in set A and an atom in set B; S is the distance, in a single frame, between the centre of mass of set A and the centre of mass of set B; F(s) is the total number of times (across all N_(f) frames) any atom in set B is separated from an atom in set A by the distance s; n _(B) (k≦S≦l) is the average, over all frames, of the number of atoms of set B lying between the distances k and l from any atom in set A; and P_(B) (k≦s≦l) is the probability of any one atom in set B lying between the distances k and l from an atom in set A. In the present work, 1 Å shells were used, i.e., l=k+1.

The final frame of the simulation of the simplified 2-dimensional structural drawings in FIG. 16 is shown in FIG. 17, where the functional moieties A and B are represented as light and dark balls respectively.

Inflammation Examples Example 66 BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₄ [CO₂H]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [γ-CO₂Me]₄

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (400 mg, 0.391 mmol), TEA (0.218 ml, 1.56 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was added PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OMe (0.717 g, 1.88 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at room temperature. The reaction suspension immediately turned bright yellow in colour and after stirring for ca. 2 mins, the active ester had completely dissolved. Stirring was continued at room temperature for a further 66 h. The crude reaction mixture was poured into a large beaker of ice-water and a fine yellow precipitate formed. The suspension was filtered and the solids thus retained were washed with water then air dried under suction. The resulting off-white solid cake was resuspended in ACN and this suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 mins then filtered. The solids retained were once again air dried, re-pulverised and re-suspended in ACN before being filtered and air dried. The resulting white solid was dissolved in methanol and the methanolic solution was concentrated in vacuo to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [γ-CO₂Me]₄ (301 mg, 50%) as a colourless solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1540.82 [M+H]+, 770.87 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C75H117N11O23 1540.83; Rf (min)=5.96 mins.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Me]₄

BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [δ-OMe]₄ (236 mg, 0.153 mmol) was suspended in DCM (2.15 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1:1 TFA/DCM (1.4 ml) was added slowly, causing the suspension to clear rapidly. Stirring was continued for 17 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving a syrup which was taken up into water (50 ml) and freeze-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Me]₄ as a colourless lyophilate (261 mg, 107%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1140.64 [M+H]+, 570.67 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C55H85N11O15 1140.4 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1139.50. Rf (min)=6.27.

iii. (−) 2-Carboxyethyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

To a stirred solution of 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-3,4,6-O-triacetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl thiouronium hydrochloride (35.7 g, 81 mmol) in acetone (200 ml) and water (200 ml) was added potassium carbonate (16.7 g, 122 mmol) and sodium metabisulfite (15.4 g, 81 mmol) followed by 3-iodopropionic acid (16.1 g, 81 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir for 2 hours and then an additional portion of sodium metabisulfite (3.0 g, 15.7 mmol) was added. After a further 2 hours, 1N HCl was used to acidify the solution to pH 1 and then the mixture was saturated with solid NaCl. The aqueous mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5×200 ml), the organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in hot toluene and then the toluene decanted. After drying, the product was dissolved in boiling ACN (75 ml) and left to crystallize at −15° C. for 16 hours. The crystalline product was collected and dried under reduced pressure to give 2-carboxyethyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside as a white solid (26.8 g). The mother liquor was evaporated and the residual product purified by dry flash chromatography then crystallised from ACN to give a further (4.0 g).

[α]_(D) ²² −34.9 (c 1.05, MeOH);

IR (nujol): 3303, 1744, 1701, 1659, 1231, 1035, 721 cm⁻¹;

¹H NMR (300 MHz, d₆DMSO) δ 12.19 (br s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (dd, J=9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J=9.7, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J=12.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=12.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.78 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO) 172.9, 169.9, 169.5, 169.1, 169.0, 83.7, 74.4, 73.5, 68.5, 61.9, 51.9, 35.0, 24.9, 22.5, 20.3, 20.3, 20.2;

HRMS calcd for (M+NH₄ ⁺, ESI) C₁₇H₂₉O₁₀N₂S: 453.1537. found: 453.1528.

iv. NHS—COC2-(perAc)-α-S-GlcNAc

To a stirred solution of 2-carboxyethyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (5.0 g, 11.4 mmol) in EtOAc (25 ml) and ACN (25 ml) was added N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.98 g, 17.2 mmol) then dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (2.83 g, 13.7 mmol). The reaction was allowed to stir for 3 hours and then the precipitated urea removed by filtration. The urea was washed well with EtOAc, the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue purified by flash chromatography to give NHS—COC2-(perAc)-α-S-GlcNAc as a colourless crystalline solid (4.82 g, 79%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CHCl₃) δ 6.04 (br d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (dd, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.24-4.05 (m, 3H), 3.70 (ddd, J=9.5, 4.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.20-2.82 (m, 4H), 2.87 (s, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.94 (s, 3H);

HRMS calcd for (M+NH₄ ⁺, ESI) C₂₁H₃₂N₃O₁₂S: 550.1701. found: 550.1684; (M+H⁺)

C₂₁H₂₉N₂O₁₂S: 533.1454. found: 533.1494;

v. BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc 4 COC2-α-S-GlcNAc = Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸ 4 CO₂H

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Me]₄ (107 mg, 0.067 mmol) dissolved in DMF (5 ml) was added NHS—COC2-(perAc)-α-S-GlcNAc (214 mg, 0.40 mmol) followed by DIPEA (69 mg, 0.53 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 hours and then diluted with water (10 ml) and the precipitated solid collected under vacuum. The precipitate was washed with water then suspended in hot CHCl₃. After cooling the solid was collected then suspended in methanol (5 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml) and 30% NaOMe (5 drops) added. The mixture was sonicated for 5 minutes and then shaken for 15 minutes. The mixture did not appear to dissolve so the mixture was concentrated under vacuum and diluted with water (5 ml) and potassium carbonate (185 mg) added. The mixture was stirred overnight and then 2N NaOH (100 μl) added as not all intermediate had dissolved. The mixture was left for a further 4 hours then acidified to pH 1 with TFA. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the product purified by RP-HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi, 95:5 to 50:50 0.1% formic acid:MeOH over 60 minutes at 20 ml/min). The cleanest fractions containing product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in water and lyophilized to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄ as a colourless solid (33 mg, 39%); HPLC ret time 14.0 min, purity 90% (Waters Symmetry, 70:30 to 30:70 0.1% TFA in water:MeOH over 30 minutes);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.44-7.23 (m, 10H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 4.40-4.06 (m, 7H), 3.99-3.33 (m, 24H), 0.32-3.00 (m, 6H), 3.04-2.87 (m, 8H), 2.70-2.56 (m, 8H), 2.14-1.60 (m, 14H), 2.00 (br s, 12H), 1.59-1.20 (m, 12H);

MS calcd for (M−H, Q-TOF) C₉₅H₁₄₄N₁₅O₃₉S₄: 2246.86. Found: 2246.81.

Example 67 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [δ-CO₂H]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (400 mg, 0.201 mmol), TEA (0.560 ml, 4.01 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was added PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OMe (737 mg, 1.93 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at room temperature. The reaction suspension immediately turned bright yellow in colour and after stirring for ca. 3 mins, the active ester had completely dissolved. Stirring was continued at room temperature for a further 17 h. The crude reaction mixture was poured into a beaker of ice-water and a fine yellow precipitate formed. The suspension was stirred until the ice melted then filtered and the solids thus retained were washed with water (3×30 ml), ACN (2×25 ml) then methanol (3×30 ml). The remaining solids were air dried under suction, giving BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈ (460 mg, 76%) as a white solid.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1514.43 [M+2H]/2+, 1009.61 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C143H233N23O31 3026.58. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3025.83. Rf (min)=6.66 mins.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈

BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈ (460 mg, 0.152 mmol) was suspended in DCM (2.8 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1:1 TFA/DCM (2.8 ml) was added slowly, causing the suspension to clear rapidly. Stirring was continued for 3 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving a syrup which was triturated with Ether (50 ml). The resulting cloudy white suspension was filtered and the pellet thus obtained was washed with Ether (2×50 ml) and air-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈ as a white solid (423 mg, 89%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1113.59 [M+2H]/2+, 742.77 [M+3H]/3+; calculated C103H169N23O31 2225.63 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2224.37. Rf (min)=5.94.

iii. HO—COC2-α-S-GlcNAc

A solution of (−) 2-Carboxyethyl 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-α-D-glucopyranoside (1.30 g, 2.98 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 7N methanolic ammonia (20 ml) and the resulting solution stirred for 16 hours. The white precipitate formed was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with 1:1 methanol/CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The precipitate was dissolved in water (50 ml) and Amberjet 1200H strongly acidic ion exchange resin (10 g) added. The suspension was stirred for 15 minutes and then the resin was filtered and washed well with water. The aqueous washing were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford HO—COC2-α-S-GlcNAc as a colourless gum which crystallised upon standing (800 mg, 87%);

[α]_(D) ²² −41.4 (c 1.5, H₂O);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 4.61 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.01-2.83 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (s, 3H);

HRMS calcd for (M−H⁺, ESI) C₁₁H₁₈NO₇S: 308.0809. found: 308.0809; Anal calcd for C₁₁H₁₉NO₇S: C, 42.71; H, 6.19; N, 4.53. Found: C, 42.40; H, 6.31; N, 4.81.

iv. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [γ-CO₂H]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc 8 COC2-α-S-GlcNAc = Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸(((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc 8 CO₂H CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂H]₈ (82 mg, 0.036 mmol) and HO—COC2-α-S-GlcNAc (137 mg, 0.44 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) were added DIPEA (190 mg, 1.47 mmol) followed by PyBOP (307 mg, 0.59 mmol). The reaction mixture was left to stir for 16 hours and then diluted with ACN and the precipitated solid collected by vacuum filtration. The precipitate was dissolved in water (10 ml) and basified with 1N NaOH (4 ml) and left to stir for several hours. The mixture was then acidified with Amberjet 1200 H resin, the resin removed by filtration and the product lyophilized. The residue was purified by RP-HPLC to give 2 fractions, one containing pure BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC2-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [γ-CO₂H]₈ (19 mg) and one which was only 70% pure (29 mg); HPLC ret time 12.0 min, purity >99% (220 nm, Waters Symmetry, 70:30 to 30:70 0.1% TFA in water:MeOH over 30 minutes);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.43-7.21 (m, 10H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 4.36-4.05 (m, 15H), 4.00-3.84 (m, 8H), 3.80-3.31 (m, 40H), 3.27-2.81 (m, 30H), 2.63 (br s, 16H), 2.49-2.35 (m, 16H), 2.16-1.15 (m, 58H), 1.99 (br s, 12H), 1.98 (br s, 12H);

MS calcd for (M−3H, Q-TOF) C₁₈₃H₂₈₈N₃₁O₇₉S₈: m/z 1479.235. Found: 1479.219.

Example 68 BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄ i. BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄

To a magnetically stirred solution of HO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OFm (831 mg, 1.95 mmol), DCC (338 mg, 1.64 mmol), HOBT (222 mg, 1.64 mmol) and DMF (7 ml) was added a solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [NH₂.TFA]₄ (400 mg, 0.391 mmol), DIPEA (0.278 ml, 1.56 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) at 0° C. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 18 hrs. The crude reaction mixture was filtered, with the solid pellet being rinsed with DMF (10 ml). The combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo to give an off-white syrup which was triturated with Ether (100 ml) to give a cloudy white suspension. This suspension was filtered and air-dried, giving BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄ (1.02 g, 119%) as a white solid. Excess mass is due to residual solvent.

LC/MS (Phobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1099.67 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C127H149N11O23 2197.66. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2197.25. Rf (min)=9:07 mins.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄

BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-Boc]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄ (1.02 g, i.e. 858 mg, 0.390 mmol) was suspended in DCM (3.6 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1:1 TFA/DCM (3.6 ml) was added slowly, causing the suspension to clear rapidly. Stirring was continued for 3 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving a syrup which was triturated with Ether (50 ml), giving a white suspension. The solids were collected from the suspension by filtration, and washed with Ether (2×50 ml) then air-dried to give and freeze-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄ as a white solid (829 mg, 94%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1979.78 [M+H]+, 899.34 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C107H117N11O15 1797.19 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1796.93. Rf (min)=10.90.

iii. Methyl 2-deoxy-2-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)propanamido]-α-D-glucopyranoside

To a stirred solution of glucosamine hydrochloride (20.0 g, 92 mmol) dissolved in acetone (40 ml) and water (100 ml) was added sodium bicarbonate (31 g, 370 mmol) followed by succinic anhydride (13.8 g, 138 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and then the mixture acidified to pH 1 with Amberjet 1200 H. The resin was removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in hot acetone and collected by filtration, then taken up in methanol (200 ml) and amberjet 1200 H (30 g) added to the mixture which was heated under reflux overnight. The mixture was filtered, then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a colourless gum which was absorbed onto silica gel and purified by dry flash chromatography to give a colourless solid (8.2 g). The product was isolated clean by crystallization from EtOAc to give methyl 2-deoxy-2-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)propanamido]-α-D-glucopyranoside as a colourless solid (3.5 g, 12%);

[α]_(D) ²² +89 (c 1.0, H₂O); R_(f) 0.43 (90:10 CHCl₃:MeOH);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 4.72 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=10.6, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=12.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.44 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.69-2.56 (m, 4H);

HRMS calcd for (M+H⁺, ESI) C₁₂H₂₁NO₈: 308.1339. found: 308.1326.

iv. HO—COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc

To a stirred solution of methyl 2-deoxy-2-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)propanamido]-α-D-glucopyranoside (3.54 g, 11.5 mmol) dissolved in water (10 ml) was added 2N sodium hydroxide solution (10 ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 16 hours and then acidified with Amberjet 1200 H resin. The resin was removed by filtration through a sintered glass funnel. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure leaving HO—COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc as a white crystalline solid (3.37 g, 94%);

[α]_(D) ²² +107.2 (c 1.0, H₂O);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ4.71 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=10.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=12.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.78-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.44 (dd, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.48 (m, 4H);

HRMS calcd for (M−H⁺, ESI) C₁₁H₁₉NO₈Na₁: 316.1006. Found: 316.1008;

v. BHALys [Lys]² [Glu]₄ [α-COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry (((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc 4 COC₂CO-2-N-α- CO₂H))⁴)⁸ OMe-Glc = Sacc 4 CO₂H

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-NH₂.TFA]₄ [γ-CO₂Fm]₄ (100 mg, 0.044 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) was added HO—COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc (78 mg, 0.26 mmol) and DIPEA (68 mg, 0.53 mmol) followed by PyBOP (138 mg, 0.26 mmol). The reaction mixture was left to stir for 16 hours and then piperidine (0.50 ml) was added and the reaction was left for a further 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with chloroform and the precipitated solid collected. The solid was suspended in water (10 ml) and potassium carbonate (200 mg) added. A colloidal suspension formed and so 1N NaOH (4 ml) was added. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours and then stored at 4° C. for 16 hours before being acidified with Amberjet 1200 H. The reaction mixture was filtered, the volatiles removed under reduced pressure and the residue fractionated by RP-HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi, 1200 H, 70:30 to 30:70 0.1% TFA in water:MeOH over 55 minutes) to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [Glu]₄ [α-COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₄ [γ-CO₂H]₄ as a colourless solid (32 mg, 33%); HPLC ret time 15.3 min, purity >99% (220 nm, Waters symmetry, 70:30 to 30:70 0.1% TFA in water:MeOH over 37 minutes);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) 7.43-7.24 (m, 10H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 4.37-4.08 (m, 7H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 8H), 3.77-3.60 (m, 12H), 3.48-3.38 (m, 4H), 3.34 (m, 12H), 3.18-3.00 (m, 6H), 2.62-2.48 (m, 16H), 2.46-2.34 (m, 8H), 2.11-1.59 (m, 14H), 1.57-1.13 (m, 12H);

HRMS calcd for (M−2H, Q-TOF) C₉₅H₁₄₃N₁₅O₄₃: m/z 1090.9737. Found: 1090.9701.

Example 69 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₈ [γ-CO₂H]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((COC2CO-2-N-α- 8 COC₂CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc = Sacc OMe-Glc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸(((Sacc CO₂H) 8 CO₂H (Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Me]₈ (100 mg, 0.036 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was added HO—COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc (150 mg, 0.51 mmol) followed by DIPEA (99 mg, 0.76 mmol) then PyBOP (265 mg, 0.52 mmol). The reaction mixture was left to stir overnight then diluted with DCM (15 ml) and the precipitated solid collected under vacuum. The product was taken up in water (10 ml) and potassium carbonate (300 mg) added. The mixture was stirred overnight and then 2N NaOH (4 ml, 4.0 mmol) added to drive the reaction to completion. The mixture was diluted to (40 ml), filtered through a 0.45 mm syringe filter and then ultra-filtered through a tangential flow filtration cartridge (mw cutoff 650 da) keeping the volume constant at 40 ml, until the solution was pH 9 (200 ml filtrate). The retentate was lyophilized and then purified by RP-HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi, 1200 H, 70:30 to 30:70 0.1% TFA in water:MeOH over 55 minutes). The fractions containing pure product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure then the residue was taken up in water and lyophilized giving BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₈ [γ-CO₂H]₈ as a colourless solid (12 mg, 9%);

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) 7.42-7.23 (m, 10H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 4.39-4.11 (m, 15H), 3.96-3.79 (m, 16H), 3.78-3.57 (m, 24H), 3.48-3.38 (m, 8H), 3.34 (s, 24H), 3.21-3.00 (m, 14H), 2.56 (br s, 32H), 2.37 (br s, 16H), 2.13-1.82 (m, 16H), 1.69 (br s, 14H), 1.54-1.18 (m, 28H);

MS calcd for (M−2H, Q-TOF) C₁₈₃H₂₈₇N₃₁O₈₇: m/z 2155.449. Found 2155.737.

Example 70 BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [γ-CO₂Na]₈ i. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [NH₂.TFA]₈ (400 mg, 0.201 mmol), TEA (0.560 ml, 4.01 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was added PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OBn (936 mg, 1.93 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at room temperature. The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method of Example 1.i to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈ (648 mg, 89%) as a white solid.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈

BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-Boc]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈ (648 mg, 0.178 mmol) was suspended in DCM (3.3 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1:1 TFA/DCM (3.3 ml) was added slowly, causing the suspension to clear rapidly. Stirring was continued for 4 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving a syrup which was taken up in 1:1 methanol/water, concentrated in vacuo, then taken up in water, freeze-dried, re-suspended in methanol and concentrated to give BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈ as a colourless foam (677 mg, 101%).

LC/MS: ESI (+ve) m/z=1418.35 [M+2H]/2+, 945.64 [M+3H]/3+, 709.64 [M+4H]/4+; calculated C151H201N23O31 2834.42 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=2834.00. Rf (min)=8.53.

iii. 5-carboxypentyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

To a stirred solution of S-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)thiouronium chloride (6.5 g, 16.03 mmol) dissolved in acetone (25 ml) and water (25 ml) was added potassium carbonate (5.54 g, 40.1 mmol) and sodium metabisulfite (3.09 ml, 24.05 mmol) followed by 6-bromohexanoic acid (3.75 g, 19.24 mmol). The reaction mixture was left to stir for 2 h then acetone (25 ml) added and the mixture filtered. The residue was concentrated under reduced pressure and then acidified with 1N HCl. The product crystallized from solution and was collected. Additional product was isolated by extracting the mother liquor with EtOAc (2×25 ml). The combined product was further purified by flash chromatography giving a colourless solid (4.67 g, 61%).

[α]_(D) ²² −45.9 (c 1.71, CH₂Cl₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.68 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=9.5, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.68 (ddd, J=9.5, 4.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.37 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 177.8, 171.1, 170.8, 170.3, 169.3, 84.4, 75.9, 73.9, 68.4, 62.3, 53.2, 33.6, 29.5, 28.9, 27.9, 24.1, 23.1, 20.7, 20.6, 19.5. HRMS ESI (+ve) m/z=500.1577 [M+Na]+; calculated C₂₀H₃₁N₁O₁₀Na₁S₁ 1500.1566 g/mol.

iv. PNPO—COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc

To a stirred solution of 5-carboxypentyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (1.20 g, 2.44 mmol) dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 ml) and dichloromethane (10 ml) was added 4-nitrophenol (0.50 g, 3.66 mmol) and then EDC (0.70 g, 3.66 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash chromatography to give PNPO—COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc as a colourless solid (0.96 g, 64%).

[α]_(D) ²² −35.4 (c 1.67, CH₂Cl₂). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.30-8.25 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 2H), 5.49 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=12.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.68 (ddd, J=9.3, 4.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.61 (dd, J=2.35 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.84-1.47 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.0, 170.5, 169.9, 169.2, 155.4, 145.3, 125.2, 122.4, 84.5, 76.0, 73.8, 68.3, 62.3, 53.2, 34.0, 29.5, 29.0, 27.9, 24.1, 23.2, 20.7, 20.6, 20.5. HRMS ESI (+ve) m/z=620.1731 [M+Na]+; calculated C₂₆H₃₄N₂Na₁O₁₂S₁ 621.1730 g/mol.

v. BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [γ-CO₂Na]₈

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((COC2CO-2-N-α- 8 COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc = Sacc OMe-Glc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸(((Sacc CO₂H) 8 CO₂H (Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-NH₂.TFA]₈ [γ-CO₂Bn]₈ (59 mg, 15.7 μmol) and PNPO—COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc (155 mg, 253 μmol) in DMF (3 ml) was added DIPEA (88 μl, 505 μmol). The reaction mixture was left to stir for 16 h and then the intermediate peracetate precipitated with ether and collected. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue washed with methanol. The combined isolated solids were suspended in water (10 ml) and 2N NaOH (5 ml) added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 5 h at which time all material had dissolved. The mixture was then filtered through a 0.4 micron syringe filter to remove particulate matter, diluted to (40 ml) with water and purified by tangential flow filtration using a 1 KDa cutoff membrane, dialysing with water (600 ml). The retentate was freeze dried giving BHALys [Lys]₄ [Glu]₈ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₈ [γ-CO₂Na]₈ as a slightly yellow solid (28 mg, 35%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.44-7.20 (m, 10H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 8H), 4.37-4.05 (m, 15H), 3.95-3.80 (m, 8H), 3.80-3.63 (m, 16H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 8H), 3.49-3.31 (m, 16H), 3.23-2.99 (m, 14H), 2.76-2.55 (m, 16H), 2.34-2.14 (m, 32H), 2.08-1.22 (m, 106H), 2.00 (s, 24H). HRMS ESI (+ve) calculated C₂₀₇H₃₃₇N₃₁O₇₉S₈ 4777.10 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=4777.12.

Example 71 BHALys [Lys]₈[Glu]₁₆ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Na]₁₆ i. BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆

To a magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [NH₂.TFA]₁₆ (400 mg, 0.102 mmol), TEA (0.567 ml, 4.07 mmol) and DMF (10 ml) was added PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-OBn (949 mg, 1.95 mmol) as a solid and in one portion at room temperature. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 64 h. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a syrup, which was triturated with water (50 ml) to give a beige-coloured gum. The water was decanted off the gum, which was triturated with ACN (100 ml) giving a white suspension. The white solid was collected by filteration under suction, washed with ACN (2×50 ml) and air-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆ (757 mg, 103%) as a colourless solid.

ii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆

BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-Boc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆ (500 mg, 0.069 mmol) was suspended in DCM (4 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of 1:1 TFA/DCM (2.6 ml) was added slowly, causing the suspension to clear rapidly. Stirring was continued for 17 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving a syrup which was triturated with Ether (50 ml), resulting in a white suspension. The solid was collected by filtration under suction and washed with Ether (2×50 ml) then air-dried to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆ as an off-white solid (486 mg, 94%).

LC/MS: ESI (+ve) m/z=1872.14 [M+3H]/3+, 1404.36 [M+4H]/4+, 1123.76 [M+5H]/5+, 936.43 [M+6H]/6+, 802.97 [M+7H]/7+; calculated C295H401N47O63 5613.76 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=5612.83. Rf (min)=5.43.

iii. BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Na]₁₆

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe- 16 COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc = Glc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸(((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 16 CO₂H ((((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe- Glc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸(((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴((Sacc CO₂H)(Sacc CO₂H))⁴)⁸)¹⁶

To a stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-NH₂.TFA]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Bn]₁₆ (58.2 mg, 7.83 μmol) and PNPO—COC5-α-S-(perAc)-GlcNAc (150 mg, 251 μmol) in DMF (3 ml) was added DIPEA (87 μl, 501 μmol). The reaction was left to stir for 16 h and then the product precipitated using water (25 ml). The precipitate was collected, suspended in water (10 ml) and methanol (2 ml) and 2N NaOH added (3 ml). The reaction was allowed to stir for 5 h at which time all of the starting material had dissolved and the solution was yellow from residual 4-nitrophenol. The mixture was diluted with water to a volume of 50 ml and then concentrated using tangential flow filtration to 30 ml and then dialysed against water (400 ml), 5% Na₂CO₃ solution (100 ml) then water (600 ml) until the solution was neutral and colourless. The retentate was freeze dried to give BHALys [Lys]₈ [Glu]₁₆ [α-COC5-α-S-GlcNAc]₁₆ [γ-CO₂Na]₁₆ as a colourless solid (67 mg, 87%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) 7.40-7.23 (m, 10H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 16H), 4.34-4.10 (m, 31H), 3.87 (br d, J=12.2 Hz, 16H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 32H), 3.58-3.50 (m, 16H), 3.48-3.38 (m, 32H), 3.20-3.05 (m, 30H), 2.78-2.56 (m, 32H), 2.34-2.14 (m, 64H), 2.08-1.22 (m, 218H), 2.01 (s, 48H). MS ESI (+ve) calculated C₄₀₇H₆₇₃N₆₃O₁₅₉S₁₆ 9507.2 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=9504.2. MS ESI (+ve) calculated C₄₀₇H₆₇₂N₆₃O₁₅₉S₁₆Na 9529.0 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=9525.1.

Example 72 BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ [ε-GlyLys]₂ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ [γ-Glu]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [γ-CO₂Me]₂ i. BnO-GlyLys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc]

To a magnetically stirred solution of H-Gly-OBn.HCl (1.63 g, 8.06 mmol) and PFP-Lys-α-Fmoc-ε-Boc (4.65 g, 7.33 mmol) in DMF (60 ml) was slowly added a solution of DIPEA (1.27 ml, 7.33 mmol) in DMF (40 ml) at room temperature. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 18 h. A solution of DIPEA (64 μl, 0.367 mmol) in DMF (1 ml) was added and stirring was continued for a further 4 h. The reaction was poured onto iced water (400 ml), the suspension was filtered and solids washed well with water then collected under suction and air-dried then dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. and 20 mm Hg to give BnO-GlyLys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc] (4.04 g, 90%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1249.61 [2M+NH4]+, 1231.59 [2M+H]+, 616.25 [M+H]+; calculated C35H41N3O7 615.73 g/mol. Rf (min)=5.66.

ii. BnO-GlyLys [α-NH2] [ε-Boc]

BnO-GlyLys [α-Fmoc] [ε-Boc] (1.5 g, 2.44 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (100 ml) and stirred at room temperature. A solution of piperidine (3.75 ml) in DMF (46.25 ml) was added slowly, and stirring was continued at room temperature for 4 h before the reaction was stored at −18° C. for 66 h. The reaction was terminated by removal of volatiles in vacuo, giving an off-white residue which was triturated with Ether (50 ml), resulting in a white suspension. The etheric solution was collected by filtration, then concentrated under reduced pressure to give an off-white solid under suction then air-dried to give BnO-GlyLys [α-NH2] [ε-Boc] as an off-white solid (assume 639 mg, 100%) contaminated with Fmoc-Piperidine. This crude mixture was used without further purification.

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=787.32 [2M+H]+, 394.19 [M+H]+; calculated C20H31N3O5 393.49 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.00.

iii. BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Boc]

To a solution of BnO-GlyLys [α-NH2] [ε-Boc] (500 mg, 1.27 mmol) and 1,3-dimethyl 5-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (456 mg, 1.27 mmol in DMF (25 ml), stirring at room temperature, was added TEA (0.186 ml, 1.33 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method of Example 13.iii to give BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Boc] as a clear, pale yellow glass (495 mg, crude).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1250.35 [2M+Na]+, 636.25 [M+Na]+, 614.30 [M+H]+; calculated C31H39N3O10 613.67 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.37.

iv. BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-NH₂.TFA]

BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Boc] (486 mg, 0.792 mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 TFA/DCM (6 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was concentrated and the residue was triturated with Ether (30 ml), resulting in a white suspension, which was collected by suction and washed with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile washings were concentrated to dryness, yielding BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-NH₂.TFA] as an orange foam (191 mg, 38%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1027.28 [2M+H]+, 514.09 [M+H]+; calculated C26H31N3O8 513.55 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.05.

v. BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Glu] [α-Boc] [γ-CO₂Me]

To a solution of BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-NH₂.TFA] (191 mg, 0.304 mmol) in DMF (5 ml), stirring at room temperature, was added TEA (0.106 ml, 0.761 mmol) followed by PNPO-Glu-α-Boc-δ-Me (140 mg, 0.365 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method of Example 13.iii to give BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Glu] [α-Boc] [γ-CO₂Me] as an orange foam (181 mg, 79%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1536.48 [2M+Na]+, 1514.43 [2M+H]+, 779.20 [M+Na]+, 757.16 [M+H]+; calculated C37H48N4O13 756.81 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.04.

vi. HO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Glu] [α-Boc] [γ-CO₂Me]

BnO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Glu] [α-Boc] [γ-CO₂Me] (90 mg, 0.119 mmol) was dissolved in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (4 ml) and stirred at room temperature. Non-Degussa Pd/C (10%, 0.030 mmol, 32 mg) was added to the degassed solution and the system was stirred under hydrogen gas (1 atm) for 24 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give HO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂] [ε-Glu] [α-Boc] [γ-CO₂Me] as an orange glass (81 mg, 102%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1556.52 [2M+Na]+, 1333.43 [2M+H]+, 689.16 [M+Na]+, 667.21 [M+H]+; calculated C30H42N4O13 666.69 g/mol. Rf (min) 7.45.

vii. BnO-GlyLys [Boc]₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of H-Gly-OBn.HCl (2.50 g, 12.4 mmol) in DMF (80 ml) was added TEA (4.4 ml, 31.0 mmol) followed by PNPO-Lys(Boc)₂ (6.96 g, 14.9 mmol). The reaction and product isolation were carried out according to the method of Example 72.i to give BnO-GlyLys [Boc]₂ as a pale yellow foam (6.42 g, 105%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=987.45 [2M+H]+, 494.22 [M+H]+; calculated C25H39N3O7 493.61 g/mol. Rf (min)=4.30.

viii. BnO-GlyLys [NH₂.TFA]₂

BnO-GlyLys [Boc]₂ (6.12 g, 12.4 mmol) was suspended in 90 ml DCM and stirred at room temperature while 1:1 TFA/DCM (60 ml) was slowly added. After stirring for 18 h, the reaction was concentrated and the residue triturated with Ether (80 ml). The gum was lyophilised from water (100 ml) yielding BnO-GlyLys [NH₂.TFA]₂ as a hygroscopic off-white foam (6.51 g, 101%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=587.30 [2M+H]+, 294.25 [M+H]+; calculated C15H23N3O3 293.37 g/mol. Rf (min)=3.84.

ix. BnO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂

To a magnetically stirred solution of BnO-GlyLys [NH₂.TFA]₂ (600 mg, 1.15 mmol) in DMF (35 ml) was added TEA (0.802 ml, 5.75 mmol) followed by 1,3-dimethyl 5-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (990 mg, 2.76 mmol). Stirring was continued at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness and the resulting oil was triturated with Ether (100 ml) to give a precipitate which was collected by suction, washed with diethyl ether and air-dried to yield BnO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ as a white solid (754 mg, 89%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1490.35 [2M+Na]+, 1468.36 [2M+H]+, 756.10 [M+Na]+, 734.16 [M+H]+; calculated C37H39N3O13 733.74 g/mol. Rf (min)=3.86.

x. HO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂

BnO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ (750 mg, 1.02 mmol) was dissolved in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (35 ml) and stirred at room temperature. Non-Degussa Pd/C (10%, 0.255 mmol, 271 mg) was added to the degassed solution and the system was stirred under hydrogen gas (1 atm) for 66 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give HO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ as a yellow foam (624 mg, 94%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1288.30 [2M+H]+, 644.09 [M+H]+; calculated C30H33N3O13 643.61 g/mol. Rf (min)=7.19.

xi. BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄

A magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-NH₂]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ (16.4 mg, 0.0213 mmol) and HO-GlyLys [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ (37.0 mg, 0.0575 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) was cooled to 0° C., then PyBOP (30.0 mg, 0.0575 mmol) was added, followed by DIPEA (19 μl, 0.107 mmol). Stirring was continued at 0° C. for 30 mins, then the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 66 h. The reaction was quenched with methanol (2 ml) and stirred overnight before being applied to a Sephadex LH20 column for purification (eluent:methanol) to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ as a clear glass (33.7 mg, 75%), which was characterised by removal of the Boc groups in the following step.

xii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄

BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-Boc]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ dissolved in 1:1 TFA/DCM (2 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo, triturated with Ether and dried to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ as a clear glass (32.0 mg, 100%).

LC/MS (Hydrophilic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1819.82 [M+H]+, 910.16 [M+2H]/2+; calculated C91H111N13O27 1818.97 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=1818.58. Rf (min)=9.14.

xiii. BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ [ε-GlyLys]₂ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ [ε-Glu]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [γ-CO₂Me]₂

Surface Topology Surface Stoichiometry ((((Dianion Ø)(Dianion Ø))⁴((Dianion Ø)(Anion 6 CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂ = Dianion Boc))⁴)⁸(((Dianion Ø)(Dianion Ø))⁴((Dianion 2 Glutamate CO₂Me = Anion Ø)(Anion Boc))⁴)⁸)¹⁶ 2 Boc

A magnetically stirred solution of BHALys [Lys]₂ [ε-NH₂.TFA]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ (32 mg, 0.0156 mmol) and HO-GlyLys [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ [ε-[Glu]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [γ-CO₂Me]₂ (28 mg, 0.0422 mmol) in DMF (3 ml) was cooled to 0° C., then PyBOP (22 mg, 0.0422 mmol) was added, followed by DIPEA (14 μl, 0.0782 mmol). Stirring was continued at 0° C. for 15 mins, then the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 h. The reaction was quenched with methanol (2 ml) and stirred for 66 h before being applied to a Sephadex LH20 column for purification (eluent:methanol) to give BHALys [Lys]₂ [α-GlyLys]₂ [CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₄ [ε-GlyLys]₂ [α-CO-3,5-Ph(CO₂Me)₂]₂ [ε-[Glu]₂ [α-Boc]₂ [γ-CO₂Me]₂ as a clear glass (31 mg, 63%).

LC/MS (Hydrophobic/TFA): ESI (+ve) m/z=1558.93 [M+2H]/2+, 1039.87 [M+3H]/3+, 1006.20 [M−Boc+3H]/3+, 972.66 [M−2Boc+3H]/3+; calculated C151H191N21O51 3116.32 g/mol. Data deconvoluted using transform calculation to give mw=3116.22. Rf (min)=5.97.

Example 73 Assays for Anti-Inflammatory Activity Methods 1. Cell Culture

THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (ICN) containing 10% heat inactivated foetal calf serum (FCS), 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate (ICN), 10 nM HEPES buffer (Sigma), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (JRH), 0.05 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol (Sigma), 2 mM L-glutamine and Penicillin/Streptomycin (Life Technologies). They were maintained in medium TC flasks (Cellstar) at a density of <1×10⁻⁶ cells/mL. All experiments were performed in cells with passage numbers between 3-8.

2. Experimental Procedure

Cells from one or more TC flasks were collected, counted and transferred to a new TC flask in low-serum medium (0.5% FCS/RPMI). The next day, the cells were counted and seeded into wells of a 24-well plate (Sarstedt) at 5×10⁵ cells/well in 0.5% FCS/RPMI.

Compound treatments, vehicle controls and dexamethasone (Dex) were immediately added to the appropriate wells. The plate was then incubated at 37 degrees, 5% CO2 for 30 minutes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS—Sigma) was then added to appropriate wells and the plate was incubated for a further 4 hours at 37 degrees, 5% CO2.

After 4 hours, the contents of each well were collected into 1.5 mL tubes (Eppendorf) and centrifuged to pellet the cells. The supernatant was then collected and stored at −80° C.

3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Procedure

Supernatants were assayed to determine levels of MIP-1beta and TNF-alpha by standard ELISAs.

3.i TNF Alpha ELISA Day 1:

ELISA plates coated with monoclonal anti-TNFα capture antibody (R&D Systems) in a volume of 100 uL at 4 ug/mL in PBS. Plates incubated overnight at 4° C.

Day 2:

Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS Plates blocked for 2 hrs in 0.1% BSA/PBS Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS Supernatants, diluted in 1% BSA/PBS added to plate (100 uL volume/well) along with recombinant human TNF (R&D Systems) as reference standard. Plates incubated overnight at 4° C.

Day 3:

Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS 100 uL of anti-human TNF biotinylated affinity purified polyclonal antibody (R&D Systems) added to each well at 300 ng/mL in 1% BSA/PBS Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS 100 uL Streptavidin HRP (Chemicon) added to each well (diluted 1/1000 in 1% BSA/PBS). Plate incubated for 2 hrs at room temperature, then washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS. 100 uL TMB substrate solution added to each well and plate incubated in the dark for 10-20 minutes. 100 uL of stop solution (0.5M H₂SO₄) added to each well; plates read immediately on Victor3 plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm.

3.ii MIP-1b ELISA Day 1:

ELISA plates coated with monoclonal anti-MIP-1b capture antibody (R&D Systems) in a volume of 100 uL at 1 ug/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

Plates incubated overnight at 4° C.

Day 2:

Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS Plates blocked for 2 hrs in 0.1% BSA/PBS Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS Supernatants, diluted in 1% BSA/PBS added to plate in duplicate wells (100 uL volume/well). Recombinant human MIP-1b (R&D Systems) added as reference standard. Plates incubated overnight at 4° C.

Day 3:

Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS 100 uL of anti-human MIP-1b biotinylated affinity purified polyclonal antibody (R&D Systems) added to each well at 50 ng/mL in 1% BSA/PBS Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS 100 uL Streptavidin HRP (Chemicon) added to each well (diluted 1/1000 in 1% BSA/PBS). Plate incubated for 2 hrs at room temperature. Plates washed (×3) with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS 100 uL TMB substrate solution added to each well. Plate incubated in the dark for 10-20 minutes. 100 uL of stop solution (0.5M H2SO4) added to each well. Plates read immediately on Victor3 plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm.

3.iii Standard Curves for TNF and MIP-1b

Stock recombinant protein at 10 μg/mL Dilute stock 2 μL/1000 uL 1% BSA/PBS (1) Dilute (1) 50 μL/1000 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard A 1 ng/mL) Dilute A 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard B 0.5 ng/mL)

Dilute B 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard C 0.25 ng/mL)

Dilute C 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard D 0.125 ng/mL) Dilute D 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard E 0.0625 ng/mL) Dilute E 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard F 0.0312 ng/mL) Dilute F 220 μL/440 uL 1% BSA/PBS (Standard G 0.0156 ng/mL) Blank (1% BSA/PBS alone)

4. Data Analysis

Data were analysed for statistically significant inhibition of cytokine release by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's post test, and if applicable IC50 were derived. GraphPad Prism® 4 software was used.

TABLE 27 Anti-Inflammatory activity of selected Examples. TNF-α IC₅₀ MIP-1β IC₅₀ Compound # Name (μg/ml) (μg/ml) 73.1^(a) BHALys [Lys]₁₆[COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₃₂ NA NA 73.2^(a) BHALys [Lys]₁₆[COC2-β-S-GlcNAc]₃₂ Weak NS @ [max] 73.3^(a) BHALys [Lys]₄[COC2-β-S-GlcNAc]₈ NA NA 73.4^(a) BHALys [Lys]₈[COC2CO-2-N-Glc]₁₆ NA NA 73.5^(a) BHALys [Lys]₈[COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₁₆ NA NA 73.6^(a) BHALys [Lys]₈[COC2-β-S-GlcNAc]₁₆ NA NA 73.7^(a) MorphLys [Lys]₈[COC2-β-S-GlcNAc]₁₆ NA NA 73.8^(a) BHALys [Lys]₄[COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₈ 64.8 84.8 73.9^(a) MorphLys [Lys]₄[COC2CO-2-N-α-OMe-Glc]₈ NA NA 73.10^(a) MorphLys [Lys]₄[COC2-β-S-GlcNAc]₈ NA NA 73.11^(b) [BHAlys][Lys]16[CONH-Ph-3,5- 56.7 74.7 (SO3Na)2]32 73.12^(b) BHALys [Lys]16[A-3,5-BDC]32 132.3 202.2 ^(a)The preparation of these compounds has been described in Provisional patent application: AU2006XXXXXXX ^(b)The preparation of these compounds has been described in AU2005905858

This data indicates that macromolecules with controlled stoichiometry/topology of Functional Moieties that are either anionic or are N-Acetyl Glucose or analogues thereof, may have anti-inflammatory properties. 

1. A macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties.
 2. A macromolecule according to claim 1, wherein the building units of the dendritic motif are selected from lysine or lysine analogues.
 3. A macromolecule according to claim 1, wherein the surface building units of the dendritic motif are selected from lysine or lysine analogues, glutamate, aspartate, or the group consisting of: analogue 10, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 4; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 11, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 2 to 6; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, epoxide, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 12, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 13, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 0 to 5; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 14, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 15, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b, c and d are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

analogue 16 where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5; A₁ and A₂ are the same or different and selected from NH₂, CO₂H, OH, SH, X as F, Cl, Br or I, Allyl-X as F, Cl, Br or I, epoxide, aziridine, N₃ or alkyne;

wherein the alkyl chain moieties of the building units may include either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N.
 4. A macromolecule according to claim 1, selected from a preparation of macromolecules, wherein the preparation is enriched in a selected functional moiety stoichiometry.
 5. A macromolecule according to claim 1 wherein the macromolecule is a selected topological isomer, where topology describes the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of its connection to the subsurface structure.
 6. A macromolecule according to claim 2 wherein the dendritic motif includes a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group being attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit, which is in turn attached directly or indirectly to a first and second functional moiety, at least one of the functional moieties being attached to a surface amine on the second building unit.
 7. A macromolecule according to claim 6, wherein the second functional moiety is attached to a second surface amine on the second building unit.
 8. A macromolecule according to claim 6, including a third functional moiety attached to the second amine group of the lysine or lysine analogue building unit.
 9. A macromolecule according to claim 6, wherein the building unit is selected from lysine and lysine analogues, having moiety # to indicate a bond which connects the building unit to a reactable amine, selected from the group consisting of: Lysine 1:

Glycyl-Lysine 2:

analogue 3, where a is an integer of 1 or 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 4;

analogue 4, where a is an integer of 0 to 2; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 2 to 6;

analogue 5, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5;

analogue 6, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 0 to 5;

analogue 7, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5;

analogue 8, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b, c and d are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5;

and analogue 9, where a is an integer of 0 to 5; b and c are the same or different and are integers of 1 to 5;

wherein the alkyl chain moieties of the building units may include either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N.
 10. A macromolecule according to claim 6 wherein the surface building unit is selected from glutamate and aspartate.
 11. A macromolecule according to claim 6 including one or more subsurface layers intermediate the apex carboxylate group or residue thereof and at least one surface amine.
 12. A macromolecule according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the subsurface layers includes an apex carboxylate group or residue thereof and two reactable amine groups, at least one amine group in turn being attached to a further carboxylate group or residue thereof.
 13. A macromolecule according to claim 6, wherein the functional moieties are A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB) or any combination thereof.
 14. A macromolecule according to claim 13, wherein the functional moieties are A, B or D, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (AB), (AD), (BB), (BD), (DD), or any combination thereof.
 15. A preparation of macromolecules according to claim 1 having at least 10% enrichment in a selected functional moiety stoichiometry.
 16. A preparation of macromolecules according to claim 15, wherein at least 80% of the macromolecules exhibit the same functional moiety stoichiometry.
 17. A preparation of macromolecules according to claim 14 wherein the macromolecules further exhibit an enrichment in a selected topological isomer, where topology describes the relationship between one functional moiety and another in terms of its connection to the surface and subsurface layers.
 18. A macromolecule according to claim 17 wherein the macromolecule exhibits topological enrichment at: the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit.
 19. A macromolecule according to claim 18, wherein the macromolecule is homogenous at the couplet, quartet, octet or 16-tet level.
 20. A macromolecule according to claim 18, wherein the ratio of a selected couplet, quartet, octet or 16-tets to all other couplets, quartets, octets and 16-tets respectively is approximately 1:1 to 1:16.
 21. A macromolecule according to claim 7, wherein the functional moieties include amine protecting groups.
 22. A macromolecule according to claim 21, wherein the amine protecting groups are selected from one or more of the group consisting of Boc, CBz, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbamate (4-NO₂Nitro-CBz), Fmoc, Dde, CF₃CO₂, 2-halo-CBz, Alloc, Me₃SiEtSO₂, Troc, o-NO-₂PhSO₂ and, 2,4-dinitrobenzene-sulfonyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride.
 23. A macromolecule of the formula: Core[[Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p)]_(q) wherein: a [Building Unit]_(m)[Surface Building Unit]_(n)[Functional moieties]_(p) defines a dendritic motif; the core may be any compound, particle or substrate to which the dendritic motif may be attached; the Building Unit is selected from a lysine or lysine analogue; the Surface Building Unit is selected from lysine or lysine analogues, glutamate or aspartate; the Functional moieties include two or more different functional moieties selected from protecting groups; biological effect moiety ligands for extracellular receptors; property modifiers; biological targeting groups; signalling groups; antigenic, materials; genetic materials; pharmaceutically active agents; groups adapted to mediate binding to a second entity, and linkers. m represents the sum of the building units of the subsurface layers of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 1≦integer≦64; n represents the number of surface building units of the dendritic motif and is an integer of value: 2≦integer≦64; p represents the total number of functional moieties on the surface of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 4≦integer≦128; and q represents the total number of dendritic motifs on the core of the macromolecule and is an integer of value: 1≦integer≦10⁶.
 24. A macromolecule according to claim 23, wherein the core is selected from the group consisting of: a diamine compound selected from the benzhydrylamide of lysine or other lysine amide:

where a is an integer of 1 to 9, preferably 1 to 5;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1-5, preferably 2 or 3 and d is an integer from 0-100, preferably 1-30;

where a and b, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 5;

where a and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6 and where c is an integer from 0-6;

where a and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6 and where b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers from 0-6; a triamine compound selected from:

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6; and d, e and f, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6;

where a, b and c, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6; or a tetramine compound selected from

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6

where a, b, c and d, which may be the same or different, are integers of 0 to 6; and e, f, g and h, which may be the same or different, are integers of 1 to 6; and wherein, the alkyl chain moieties of the core may be either alkoxy fragments as C—O—C or C—C—O—C—C but not O—C—X where X is O or N.
 25. A macromolecule according to claim 23, wherein the core is selected from a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(propyleneimine) POPAM, or polyethylenimine (PEI) dendrimer, dendrigrafts, arborols, or a linear polymer.
 26. A macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties, and when there are only two types of functional moiety A and B on the same building unit or surface building unit, the functional moiety stoichiometry is other than 1:1.
 27. A macromolecule according to claim 26 wherein the dendritic motif includes a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group being attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit, which is in turn attached directly or indirectly to a first and second functional moiety, at least one of the functional moieties being attached to a surface amine on the second building unit.
 28. A macromolecule according to claim 27, wherein the functional moieties are A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB) or any combination thereof.
 29. A macromolecule according to claim 28, wherein the functional moieties are A, B or D, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (AB), (AD), (BB), (BD), (DD), or any combination thereof.
 30. A macromolecule according to claim 29 wherein the macromolecule exhibits topological enrichment at: the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit.
 31. A macromolecule according to claim 30, wherein the macromolecule is homogenous at the couplet, quartet, octet or 16-tet level.
 32. A macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties, and the macromolecule is selected from a preparation of macromolecules of which at least 80% of the macromolecules have the same functional moiety stoichiometry.
 33. A macromolecule according to claim 32 wherein the dendritic motif includes a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group being attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit, which is in turn attached directly or indirectly to a first and second functional moiety, at least one of the functional moieties being attached to a surface amine on the second building unit.
 34. A macromolecule according to claim 33, wherein the functional moieties are A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB) or any combination thereof.
 35. A macromolecule according to claim 34, wherein the functional moieties are A, B or D, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (AB), (AD), (BB), (BD), (DD), or any combination thereof.
 36. A macromolecule according to claim 35 wherein the macromolecule exhibits topological enrichment at: the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit.
 37. A macromolecule according to claim 36, wherein the macromolecule is homogenous at the couplet, quartet, octet or 16-tet level.
 38. A macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; wherein the macromolecule is a selected topological isomer; and where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties, and topology describes the relationship between each functional moiety in terms of its connection to the surface and subsurface layers.
 39. A macromolecule according to claim 38 wherein the dendritic motif includes a lysine or lysine analogue building unit having a carboxylate group or residue thereof at the apex thereof, attached to two amine groups, at least one amine group being attached to a carboxylate group or residue thereof of a second building unit, which is in turn attached directly or indirectly to a first and second functional moiety, at least one of the functional moieties being attached to a surface amine on the second building unit.
 40. A macromolecule according to claim 39, wherein the functional moieties are A or B, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (BB) and (AB) or any combination thereof.
 41. A macromolecule according to claim 40, wherein the functional moieties are A, B or D, with a pair of adjacent functional moieties connected to the same building unit forming a couplet selected from (AA), (AB), (AD), (BB), (BD), (DD), or any combination thereof.
 42. A macromolecule according to claim 41 wherein the macromolecule exhibits topological enrichment at: the couplet level; at the quartet level, where a pair of adjacent couplets form a quartet, each quartet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-one building unit; at the octet level where adjacent quartets form an octet, each octet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-two building unit; or at the 16-tet level, where adjacent octets form a 16-tet, each 16-tet having a line of connection to an apex carboxylate group of a surface-but-three building unit.
 43. A macromolecule according to claim 42, wherein the macromolecule is homogenous at the couplet, quartet, octet or 16-tet level.
 44. A process for preparing a macromolecule, which process includes i) providing a growing macromolecule includes at least one reactable group; a compound including at least one dendritic motif bearing at least two functional moieties, the motif having a surface layer and at least one subsurface layer, and having a hydrocarbon backbone and bearing an apex carbonyl group; ii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the dendritic motif; and iii) reacting the growing macromolecule with the carbonyl group of the dendritic motif.
 45. A process according to claim 44, wherein the reactable group bears a functional moiety being a protecting group that requires deprotection prior to reaction with apex carboxylate of the dendritic motif.
 46. A process according to claim 44, wherein the at least two functional moieties may be the same or different.
 47. A process according to claim 44, wherein the dendritic motif has a surface layer and two or more subsurface layers.
 48. A process according to claim 44, wherein the growing macromolecule includes a second reactable group.
 49. A process according to claim 48, wherein the second reactable group bears a second functional moiety being a protecting group, and when the second protecting group is different to the first, the second protecting group is inert to the activating conditions for removing the first protecting group.
 50. A process according to claim 44, wherein the process includes the preliminary steps of preparing the compound including at least one dendritic motif, the process including: iv) providing a first building compound including an apex carbonyl group, attached directly or indirectly to at least one amine group bearing at least one functional moiety being a protecting group; a second building compound including an apex carbonyl group, attached to at least one amine group, the second building compound bearing a first and second functional moiety; vi) activating the amine group on the first building compound by removing the protecting group; vii) activating the apex carbonyl of the second building compound; and viii) reacting the deprotected first building compound with the apex carbonyl group of the second building compound.
 51. A process according to claim 50, wherein at least one of the functional groups on the amine of the second building compound is a protecting group, further including the steps of: ix) activating the amine group on the second building compound, either prior to or after step (viii), by removing the protecting group; x) providing a further functional moiety that is not a protecting group; xi) activating the further functional moiety; and xii) reacting the deprotected second building compound with the activated further functional moiety.
 52. A process according to claim 51, wherein when the first and second functional moiety on the second building compound are both protecting groups, the second protecting group is inert to the activating conditions for removing the first protecting group when the second protecting group is different to the first.
 53. A process according to claim 50, wherein the further functional moieties are selected from biological effect moiety ligands for extracellular receptors; property modifiers; biological targeting groups; signalling groups; antigenic materials; genetic materials; pharmaceutically active agents; groups adapted to mediate binding to a second entity, end stopping moieties and linkers.
 54. The process according to claim 44 wherein the growing macromolecule is either a core compound including at least one reactable group; a core compound including at least one reactable group, at least one of which bears a functional moiety being a protecting group; or a core compound having at least one layer of building compounds including an apex carbonyl group, attached to at least one amine group bearing a functional moiety being a protecting group.
 55. A process for preparing a macromolecule, which process includes i) providing a growing macromolecule includes a reactable group; a first building compound having a hydrocarbon backbone, and bearing an apex carbonyl group and at least one amine group bearing a functional moiety being a protecting group; ii) activating the apex carbonyl group of the first building compound; and iii) reacting the growing macromolecule with the apex carbonyl group of the first building compound.
 56. A process according to claim 55, wherein the reactable group bears a functional moiety being a protecting group that requires an activation step of deprotection prior to reaction with apex carboxylate of the dendritic motif.
 57. A process according to claim 55 wherein the reactable group on the growing macromolecule is an amine group.
 58. A process according to claim 57 wherein the growing macromolecule includes two reactable amine groups.
 59. A process according to claim 55, which process further includes: iv) providing a second building compound having a hydrocarbon backbone, and bearing an apex carbonyl group and at least one amine group bearing a functional moiety being a protecting group; v) deprotecting the at least one amine on the first building compound of the macromolecule; vi) activating the apex carbonyl group of the second building compound; vii) reacting the deprotected macromolecule with the apex carbonyl group of the second building compound.
 60. A process according to claim 59, further including: viii) repeating steps iv) to vii) with the first or second building compound.
 61. A process according to claim 44, 51, 55 or 60, wherein the removal of protecting groups and subsequent reaction is conducted in a preselected order depending on the topology of the macromolecule to be produced.
 62. A process according to claim 44 or 55, wherein the macromolecule is a dendrimer.
 63. A composition for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a sexually transmitted infection which includes a macromolecule having a controlled functional moiety stoichiometry including at least one dendritic motif having a surface layer formed from at least one surface building unit and at least one subsurface layer formed from at least one building unit, the surface building unit and building units having a hydrocarbon backbone bearing a carbonyl group and at least one amine group; and at least two different functional moieties on the building unit and/or surface building unit; where functional moiety stoichiometry refers to the number and type of functional moieties; and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 64. A composition according to claim 63, wherein the sexually transmitted infection is one or more of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses-I and II (HIV), Herpes Simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis Viruses A, B, C & D, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
 65. A composition according to claim 64, wherein the functional moieties include a lipophilic modifier and a polyanionic residue.
 66. A method for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a sexually transmitted infection including administering to a patient an effective amount of a composition according to claim
 63. 